How did you send the letter, by airmail or by ordinary mail?
（3）表示用交通工具、通訊工具後接名詞單數，不加冠詞。如：
He came by train, but his wife came by bus.
注意下面兩句的區別：
Did you come by train?
Did you come in his car / on my bike?
“by +抽象名詞”構成的片語有：by accident / by chance / by diligence / by effort / by force / by heart / by luck / by mistake / by hard work.
2.beside: [ bi"said ]
prep. 在...旁邊
例句與用法:
1. He lived in a town beside the sea.
他住在一個靠海的城鎮.
2. I keep a dictionary beside me when I"m doing crosswords.
我填縱橫字謎的時候, 手邊總有一本字典.
3. Sit beside your sister.
坐在你妹妹旁邊.
4. He was beside himself with rage when he saw the mess.
他看到一切都亂七八糟就勃然大怒.
5. Beside your earlier work this piece seems rather disappointing.
這件工作同你早先的工作相比, 有些令人失望.
6. The company wished to locate its new factory beside the river.
這家公司希望把新工廠設在河邊。
7. You"ll need plenty of nerve to sit beside him when he is driving.
他開車的時候，你得有足夠的膽量才敢坐在他旁邊。
8. The child was trotting along beside its parents.
那孩子小跑著跟在父母身邊.
BESIDE 的用法
Besides, there are very few skilled stone workers left after the war years. =Also, there are very few skilled stone workers that are left after the war years. 此外，戰爭年代過後，技術熟練的石匠以所剩無幾。
句中的besides是副詞，作“還有，而且”解，通常置於句首。
例如： it’s too late to go to the concert. Besides, it’s raining. I don’t want to go out now. besides, I’m feeling tired. The task is difficult; besides, time is limited. Besides還可以用作介詞，意思是“除…之外”，“還有…”
例如， There are five other room besides these two. Besides the violin, Jack also plays the piano. To learn English, listening is also important besides reading.
不要把besides同beside是介詞，作“在……旁邊”（next to）解，例如： He is sitting beside the driver. He lives in a town beside a lake.
by, beside, near和next to
1) by和beside均表示“在……旁邊”，常可換用
例：There is a chair by the table. 桌子邊上有一把椅子。
She stood by the window. 她站在窗邊。
The hotel is beside (/by) the river. 那家飯店在河邊。
Come and sit beside (/by) me. 過來，坐在我邊上。
Put your shoes beside mine. 把你的鞋子放在我的鞋子旁邊。
2) near表示“在……附近”，表示的距離比by和beside稍遠些，也時常換用
例：There is a theatre near his home. 他家附近有一家劇院。
Don"t play near the road. 不要在馬路附近玩。
There is a post office near No. 1 Middle School. 第一中學附近有一所郵局。
3) next to表示“緊靠……的旁邊”
例：The new building next to the bookstore is a cinema. 書店旁邊的那幢新樓是一家電影院。
There is a café next to the barber"s. 理髮店隔壁是一家咖啡館。
1. by表方式：
（1）表示以一般的方法或方式。如：
No one in those days could live by writing poems.
（2）表示傳達、傳遞的方式或煤介。如：
How did you send the letter, by airmail or by ordinary mail?
（3）表示用交通工具、通訊工具後接名詞單數，不加冠詞。如：
He came by train, but his wife came by bus.
注意下面兩句的區別：
Did you come by train?
Did you come in his car / on my bike?
“by +抽象名詞”構成的片語有：by accident / by chance / by diligence / by effort / by force / by heart / by luck / by mistake / by hard work.
2.beside: [ bi"said ]
prep. 在...旁邊
例句與用法:
1. He lived in a town beside the sea.
他住在一個靠海的城鎮.
2. I keep a dictionary beside me when I"m doing crosswords.
我填縱橫字謎的時候, 手邊總有一本字典.
3. Sit beside your sister.
坐在你妹妹旁邊.
4. He was beside himself with rage when he saw the mess.
他看到一切都亂七八糟就勃然大怒.
5. Beside your earlier work this piece seems rather disappointing.
這件工作同你早先的工作相比, 有些令人失望.
6. The company wished to locate its new factory beside the river.
這家公司希望把新工廠設在河邊。
7. You"ll need plenty of nerve to sit beside him when he is driving.
他開車的時候，你得有足夠的膽量才敢坐在他旁邊。
8. The child was trotting along beside its parents.
那孩子小跑著跟在父母身邊.
BESIDE 的用法
Besides, there are very few skilled stone workers left after the war years. =Also, there are very few skilled stone workers that are left after the war years. 此外，戰爭年代過後，技術熟練的石匠以所剩無幾。
句中的besides是副詞，作“還有，而且”解，通常置於句首。
例如： it’s too late to go to the concert. Besides, it’s raining. I don’t want to go out now. besides, I’m feeling tired. The task is difficult; besides, time is limited. Besides還可以用作介詞，意思是“除…之外”，“還有…”
例如， There are five other room besides these two. Besides the violin, Jack also plays the piano. To learn English, listening is also important besides reading.
不要把besides同beside是介詞，作“在……旁邊”（next to）解，例如： He is sitting beside the driver. He lives in a town beside a lake.
by, beside, near和next to
1) by和beside均表示“在……旁邊”，常可換用
例：There is a chair by the table. 桌子邊上有一把椅子。
She stood by the window. 她站在窗邊。
The hotel is beside (/by) the river. 那家飯店在河邊。
Come and sit beside (/by) me. 過來，坐在我邊上。
Put your shoes beside mine. 把你的鞋子放在我的鞋子旁邊。
2) near表示“在……附近”，表示的距離比by和beside稍遠些，也時常換用
例：There is a theatre near his home. 他家附近有一家劇院。
Don"t play near the road. 不要在馬路附近玩。
There is a post office near No. 1 Middle School. 第一中學附近有一所郵局。
3) next to表示“緊靠……的旁邊”
例：The new building next to the bookstore is a cinema. 書店旁邊的那幢新樓是一家電影院。
There is a café next to the barber"s. 理髮店隔壁是一家咖啡館。
4.beyond就是:超越