主格、賓格：只作用於人稱代詞，比如I、me一類，大家都很熟悉屬格（所有格）：只有’s的形式，超級簡單當然也有不少語言裡面還有格的形式，比如俄語、德語。詳細內容可以參考Wikipedia：Grammatical case。這裡摘錄一段，大家感受一下，如果英語有八種格，煩不煩，累不累：The nominative case (主格) indicates the subject of a finite verb: We went to the store.The accusative case (賓格) indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered us.The dative case (與格) indicates the indirect object of a verb: The clerk gave a discount to us.The ablative case (奪格) indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. And, he was unhappy because of depression.The genitive case (屬格/所有格), which roughly corresponds to English"s possessive case and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun: John"s book was on the table.And, the pages of the book turned yellow.The vocative case (呼格) indicates an addressee: John, are you all right? Or simply, hello, John!The locative case (方位格) indicates a location: We live in China.The instrumental case (工具格) indicates an object used in performing an action: We wiped the floor with a mop. And, written by hand.
你們就謝天謝地英語沒有複雜的「格」吧，否則大家被虐的更慘。簡而言之，格（Grammatical case）可以理解為附加在單詞上面的一個額外標記。最簡單的，以<主>代表主格，表格這個詞只能做主語，以<賓>代表賓格，表示這個詞只能做賓語，有了這個額外標記之後，每個詞的屬性就標記得特別明確，一般不會出現混淆，比如一個3個單詞的句子，這個句子的排列無非就下面6種，有了格之後，這6種的語義是一樣的：A<主> loves B<賓>.= B<賓> loves A<主>.= A<主> B<賓> loves.= B<賓> A<主> loves.= loves A<主> B<賓>.= loves B<賓> A<主>.因為有了<主>和<賓>的額外標記，語序根本無法改變這個句子的意義。有個玩笑說：一個拉丁文的句子，把單詞拆散了，隨便扔到地方，不管如何排列，意思都不會變。所以有人說：拉丁文是最精準、最優美的語言，法語其次，據說聯合國的重要檔案都要以拉丁文或法語為準，以免因為歧義引發爭議和衝突。不可否認，這樣的嚴重曲折化的語言的確比較嚴謹，適合寫法律檔案。但是以此為理由說拉丁文或法語是最優美的語言我是不太同意的，道理很簡單：這種格的作用完全可以由語序來替換嘛。咱們中文就沒有格，「我愛你」和「你愛我」是兩個不同意義的句子，「我你愛」、「你我愛」一般而言則是語法上不正確的句子。現在英文的格也退化了，只留下了主格、賓格、屬格（所有格）三種形式，而且還非常簡單：
主格、賓格：只作用於人稱代詞，比如I、me一類，大家都很熟悉屬格（所有格）：只有’s的形式，超級簡單當然也有不少語言裡面還有格的形式，比如俄語、德語。詳細內容可以參考Wikipedia：Grammatical case。這裡摘錄一段，大家感受一下，如果英語有八種格，煩不煩，累不累：The nominative case (主格) indicates the subject of a finite verb: We went to the store.The accusative case (賓格) indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered us.The dative case (與格) indicates the indirect object of a verb: The clerk gave a discount to us.The ablative case (奪格) indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. And, he was unhappy because of depression.The genitive case (屬格/所有格), which roughly corresponds to English"s possessive case and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun: John"s book was on the table.And, the pages of the book turned yellow.The vocative case (呼格) indicates an addressee: John, are you all right? Or simply, hello, John!The locative case (方位格) indicates a location: We live in China.The instrumental case (工具格) indicates an object used in performing an action: We wiped the floor with a mop. And, written by hand.