While she is reading Gone with the Wind, I am cooking.(斜體)或Gone with the Wind(下劃線),或“Gone with the Wind”(引號),或Gone with the Wind(黑體),或Gone with the Wind(黑體加下劃線),或GONE WITH THE WIND(全部大寫)
逗號表示一句話中間相對較短的停頓,無論是在漢語還是在英語裡它都是使用頻率較高的符號。由於英語語法結構規則的特點,逗號在用法上與漢語存在一些差異。具體如下: (1)用於並列分句的連線詞(and, but, or, for, so, nor, or yet)前。例如: I have explained this work to Richard, but he still doesn’t understand it. (2)用於句子中的並列成分間,例如並列成分為主語、謂語、表語、賓語等。例如: TV stations provide people with news, music, drama, sports and comedy.
(1)兩個並列的獨立分句之間如不用連詞(and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet),則應用分號。
例如:
For fifteen years the painting stood in the attic; even Mr. Kirk forgot it.[2]
(2)用於兩個平行的獨立分句子中,有時還可用於並列連詞連線的獨立分句之間,表示強調或
對比。例如:
Autocratic power springs from the will of the ruler; but democratic power rises from the will of the people.[3]
(3)如各種並列句中已有標點,即使並列句之間有連詞也仍然用分號,以便起分割作用。例如:
Before he came, we had expected him to help us; but when he was with us, he didn’t do much.
Ishmael, the narrator, goes to sea, he says, “whenever it is a damp, drizzly November” in his soul; and Ahab, the captain of the ship, goes to sea because of his obsession to hunt and kill the great albino whale, Moby Dick.[3]
(4)用於由how ever, then, for example, for instance, namely, that is(to say), in fact, e. g.等連線詞列出的第二個獨立分句之前。例如:
The painting was valuable; in fact, the museum offered five thousand dollars for it. [3]
(5)如果並列句中帶有省略,可以用分號把它和其它句子聯絡起來。[3]例如:
Five students from Class ? won prizes in the competition; two Class?; none from Class?.
3.冒號(colon)“:”
(1)用於兩個分句之間,通常後一分句是對前一分句的進一步解釋或表示原因。例如:
Here you can do whatever you want: read books, play tennis, take a walk after supper and so on and so forth.(解釋前一個句子)
He isn’t going to join our firm: we couldn’t offer him a big enough salary.(表示原因)
(2)用於列舉的一系列事物前。例如:
He offered me the choice of any one of the gifts: a ring, a neck lace, a car and a house.(列舉的事物前)
(3)用於直接引語或較長的正式引語。例如:
Shakespeare said: “Neither a borrower nor a lender is.”(直接引語前)
In his famous speech he said: All men are created equal and must enjoy equally the rights that are inalienably theirs.(較長引語)
1 趙國梅.封閉式英文標點的句法意義及使用[J].解放軍外語學院學報,1998.21(3):40 2 阮 繼.中英文標點符號的使用比較[J].中山大學學報論叢,2002.22(2):294 3. Martin W D. Practical English handbook[M]. Houghton: Houghton Mifflin Company,
根據中英文標點符號本身的差異以及運用規則上的不同,對英文寫作中常見的又容易被忽視的幾種標點符號的運用規則,尤其是逗號、分號和冒號進行分析和探討,並結合例句說明標點符號的重要性和正確表達方式,以提高英文寫作的質量。
【關鍵詞】英文寫作 標點符號 運用規則
【Abstract】According to the differences between punctuation marks in English and
those in Chinese as well as differences when they are actually used, the article
mainly discusses in detail the proper use of some common punctuation marks easily
ignored in English writing, especially comma, semicolon and colon. And examples are
given to show that punctuation marks are important and erroneous expressions should
be avoided. So as to try our best to perfect the English writing.
【Key words】English writing Punctuation Rules of applying
英文寫作作為一種重要的交流手段,使用日益頻繁。現在很多情況下都離不開英文寫作,如學術著作、論文等,國內很多中文期刊也要求寫英文摘要。但是許多作者經常混淆了中文與英文標點符號的運用規則,常常出錯。中文與英文標點符號雖然有很多相同之處,但是仍存在很多差異。本文針對英文寫作中常見的卻往往又被大家所忽視的一些標點符號的運用規則進行說明。
一、中英文基本符號比較
英文中到底有多少種標點符號,目前國內眾說紛紜,有的說13種(毛榮貴,1999),有的說16種(《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》(第四版)),有的說20種(薄冰,2000)。不管它究竟有多少種,總之,“標點符號是書面語中不可缺少的部分,用來表示停頓、語氣以及詞語的性質和作
用”(《標點符號用法》,國家語言文字工作委員會,1990)。基於此,本文先對中文與英文的基本標點符號做一個簡單比較,以說明二者的異同。
英文主要標點符號有以下14種左右(張道真,1999):apostrophe撇號(’),colon冒號(:),comma逗號(,),dash破折號(—),dots省略號(„),exclamation mark感嘆號(!),full stop/period句號(.),hyphen 連字號(-),italics/underlining斜體/下劃
線,parentheses/brackets括號(( ) [ ] { } ),question mark問號(?),quotation marks 引號(‘ ’ “ “),semicolon分號(;),slash斜線號(/)。
中文主要標點符號有16種左右(雷智勇,1998):點號7種:逗號、頓號、分號、冒號、句號、問號、感嘆號;標號有9種:引號、括號、破折號、省略號、間隔號、單書名號、雙書名號、著重號和連線號。
對比《標點符號用法》(國家語言文字工作委員會,1990)和文獻,[1,2]我們會發現中英文標點符號的一些異同點。有些標點符號它們從形式到功能,中文和英文都相似,如句號、問號、感嘆號、冒號、分號、引號、圓括號;有些卻有所差異。例如:省略號、破折號、連線號、間隔號等,中文和英文的書寫格式有差別;頓號、書名號等,僅中文所特有;撇號、斜線號等,為英文所特有;而逗號、方括號等,中文和英文的用法有較大的差異。限於篇幅,本文就英文寫作中常常出錯而又容易被大家所忽視的五個標點符號,具體談談其運用規則。
二、英文中沒有而常被錯用的符號
1.頓號(、)
英語裡沒有頓號,表示並列的詞語或結構時英語用逗號。例如:
John, James, and Harry have come.
2.書名號(《》)
英文沒有書名號,表示書籍、報刊、戲劇、電影、繪畫作品等的名稱或學術性質的英文文獻的標註通常採用字頭大寫的斜體、下劃線、引號(雙引號或單引號)、黑體或者在黑體基礎上加下劃線,也可以全部用大寫字母。例如:
While she is reading Gone with the Wind, I am cooking.(斜體)或Gone with the Wind(下劃線),或“Gone with the Wind”(引號),或Gone with the Wind(黑體),或Gone with the Wind(黑體加下劃線),或GONE WITH THE WIND(全部大寫)
通常我們傾向於在表示書、報刊、電影、長詩、戲劇的名稱時用斜體或下劃線,而在表示報刊中文章、書中章節、短詩歌、歌曲及繪畫作品的名稱時用引號。
三、英文中常與中文混淆的符號
1. 逗號(Comma)“,”
逗號表示一句話中間相對較短的停頓,無論是在漢語還是在英語裡它都是使用頻率較高的符號。由於英語語法結構規則的特點,逗號在用法上與漢語存在一些差異。具體如下: (1)用於並列分句的連線詞(and, but, or, for, so, nor, or yet)前。例如: I have explained this work to Richard, but he still doesn’t understand it. (2)用於句子中的並列成分間,例如並列成分為主語、謂語、表語、賓語等。例如: TV stations provide people with news, music, drama, sports and comedy.
注:在漢語裡,若並列成分為主語、賓語、定語時,一般要用頓號(英語中無頓號);若並列成分為謂語、狀語時,則多用逗號,也可不用標點。
(3)用於將非限定從句或各類短語、獨立成分、同位語等與其它成分分開。例如: This is Miss. Chen, the new director of our company.
(4)當狀語從句放在句首或句中時用逗號。例如:
When he can not use his eyes to guide his steps, he will walk straight only if he
takes a step of the same length with each foot.
The speaker, after glancing at his note, began to speak.
注:狀語分句在句首時常用逗號與主句分開,在句尾時則可以不用。上例中“When„”分句後使用了逗號,而“if„”分句前則沒有用。但是,如果放在主句後的狀語分句與主句的關係不太緊湊,就可以使用逗號把它和主句分開。[1]例如:
He decided that he will make his children’s decisions for them, because they are
not mature enough to make their own.
(5)當引出直接引語時,英語在引號前(或後)用逗號(漢語用冒號)。
“My car’s parked out side,”he told her.
It reads, “Wet Paint.”
(6)英語標示日期和地址時也常用到逗號(漢語一般不用)。
On Sunday, April 12th, 2001. 2001年4月12日星期六。
502 North olive Avenue, West Palm Beach, Florida 33402, U.S.A. 美國佛羅里達州(33402)西帕昔海灘北橄欖樹大街502號。
(7)在英文書信裡,開頭稱呼語和結尾敬語後常用逗號也可用冒號,而漢語一般用冒號。例如: Dear Professor,
Yours sincerely,
Helen,
2.分號(semicolon)“;”
分號的作用介於句號和逗號之間,即用分號隔開的兩部分之間的關係比用句號分開的緊密,但不及用逗號分開的緊密。其用法是:
(1)兩個並列的獨立分句之間如不用連詞(and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet),則應用分號。
例如:
For fifteen years the painting stood in the attic; even Mr. Kirk forgot it.[2]
(2)用於兩個平行的獨立分句子中,有時還可用於並列連詞連線的獨立分句之間,表示強調或
對比。例如:
Autocratic power springs from the will of the ruler; but democratic power rises from the will of the people.[3]
(3)如各種並列句中已有標點,即使並列句之間有連詞也仍然用分號,以便起分割作用。例如:
Before he came, we had expected him to help us; but when he was with us, he didn’t do much.
Ishmael, the narrator, goes to sea, he says, “whenever it is a damp, drizzly November” in his soul; and Ahab, the captain of the ship, goes to sea because of his obsession to hunt and kill the great albino whale, Moby Dick.[3]
(4)用於由how ever, then, for example, for instance, namely, that is(to say), in fact, e. g.等連線詞列出的第二個獨立分句之前。例如:
The painting was valuable; in fact, the museum offered five thousand dollars for it. [3]
(5)如果並列句中帶有省略,可以用分號把它和其它句子聯絡起來。[3]例如:
Five students from Class ? won prizes in the competition; two Class?; none from Class?.
3.冒號(colon)“:”
(1)用於兩個分句之間,通常後一分句是對前一分句的進一步解釋或表示原因。例如:
Here you can do whatever you want: read books, play tennis, take a walk after supper and so on and so forth.(解釋前一個句子)
He isn’t going to join our firm: we couldn’t offer him a big enough salary.(表示原因)
(2)用於列舉的一系列事物前。例如:
He offered me the choice of any one of the gifts: a ring, a neck lace, a car and a house.(列舉的事物前)
(3)用於直接引語或較長的正式引語。例如:
Shakespeare said: “Neither a borrower nor a lender is.”(直接引語前)
In his famous speech he said: All men are created equal and must enjoy equally the rights that are inalienably theirs.(較長引語)
(4)用於小時和分鐘之間。例如:
The match began at 00:45 A.M.
(5)用於書信稱呼語後,比用逗號更正式一些。例如:
Dear Mr. Hu:
He answered: “Ok, ok, look here.”
(7)起強調作用。例如:
He has only one pleasure: eating.
四、結束語
本文針對英文寫作中常常容易出錯卻又往往被忽略的幾個標點符號,結合例子分析了這些標
點符號的用法。關於其它的標點符號的用法,限於文章篇幅,沒有進行說明。關於英文標點符
號我們既要看到它與中文標點符號的相同之處,更要留意它們的差異所在,切忌在英文寫作中盲目地生搬硬套中文的標點符號,不顧二者的差異和使用習慣上的不一致。只有認真遵守英文中標點符號的運用規則,才能做到正確運用英文中的標點符號。
參考文獻
1 趙國梅.封閉式英文標點的句法意義及使用[J].解放軍外語學院學報,1998.21(3):40 2 阮 繼.中英文標點符號的使用比較[J].中山大學學報論叢,2002.22(2):294 3. Martin W D. Practical English handbook[M]. Houghton: Houghton Mifflin Company,
1974:235,236、238
4 毛榮貴.英語寫作漫談[M].上海:上海交通大學出版社,1999:107 5 薄 冰.英語語法[M].北京:開明出版社,2000:601,602
6 張道真.實用英語語法[M].北京:外語教育與研究出版社,1999:128 7 雷智勇.最新標點知識及運用[M].北京:北京語言文化大學出版社,1998:8,9
11考研英語寫作必知的三個注意事項
(2011-01-14 14:26:51)
標籤: 分類: 考研
2011考研
英語
寫作
注意事項
新東方
教育
2011年考研臨考在即，考研英語寫作三個注意事項，減少失分。
一，考研詞彙
考研英語寫作講究用詞準確而且正式。同時，英語的詞彙非常豐富，一個詞語通常都有許多同義詞和近義詞。考生如果平時注意積累並加以練習，就能夠熟練在考試中運用。下面我們舉一些英語詞彙變化的例子。
help out->assist; set up to->establish; go up->increase;
cut down->reduce; find out->determine; look into->investigate;
bring up->raise; come up with->create; go up and down->fluctuate
good->considerable; get->obtain; a lot of->numerous;
things that will happen->consequences
二，考研語法
英文寫作非常講究語法，尤其是考研作文作為正式文體，需要注意以下幾點小細節:
1、儘量少用縮寫形式。如don"t, can"t, won"t寫做do not, cannot, will not等。
2、用更加正式的否定形式。如not… any寫做no, not… much 寫做 little, not many 寫做
few等。
例如:He did not say any words.
He said no words
There are not many chances available.
There are few chances available.
3、儘量少用"etc.", "and so on"等表達方式。
例如:Activities include dancing, singing, etc.
Activities include dancing, singing, and other fun stuff.
4、儘量把副詞和動詞放在一起。
例如:Consequently we may arrive at the conclusion that…
We may consequently arrive at the conclusion that…
三，標點
1、英語中沒有頓號，在漢語需要頓號的情況下可以用逗號。
2、漢語中的引言通常都是:“”的格式，而英語中不用冒號，用逗號，如, " ".
3、書名、文章名等出版物名稱用下劃線或者斜體字表示(手寫時用下劃線)。
4、破折號可以用於在一個句
英語詞彙, 考研英語, 新東方, 注意事項, 英語寫作
詞彙
英語寫作講究用詞準確而且正式。同時，英語的詞彙非常豐富，一個詞語通常都有許多同義詞和近義詞。考生如果平時注意積累並加以練習，就能夠熟練在考試中運用。下面
我們舉一些英語詞彙變化的例子。
help out->assist; set up to->establish; go up->increase;
cut down->reduce; find out->determine; look into->investigate;
bring up->raise; come up with->create; go up and down->fluctuate
good->considerable; get->obtain; a lot of->numerous;
things that will happen->consequences
語法
英文寫作非常講究語法，尤其是考研作文作為正式文體，需要注意以下幾點小細節:
1、儘量少用縮寫形式。如don"t, can"t, won"t寫做do not, cannot, will not等。
2、用更加正式的否定形式。如not… any寫做no, not… much 寫做 little, not many 寫做
few等。
例如:He did not say any words.
He said no words
There are not many chances available.
There are few chances available.
3、儘量少用"etc.", "and so on"等表達方式。
例如:Activities include dancing, singing, etc.
Activities include dancing, singing, and other fun stuff.
4、儘量把副詞和動詞放在一起。
例如:Consequently we may arrive at the conclusion that…
We may consequently arrive at the conclusion that…
標點
英語中沒有頓號，在漢語需要頓號的情況下可以用逗號。
漢語中的引言通常都是:""的格式，而英語中不用冒號，用逗號，如, " ".
書名、文章名等出版物名稱用下劃線或者斜體字表示(手寫時用下劃線)。
破折號可以用於在一個句子的前面或後面加入額外的註釋，靈活地運用破折號可以使
長句子變得更加生動，增加文章的文采。