英文字母及字母組合發音規律

（I） 母音字母及母音字母組合拼讀規則

● 母音字母的發音

2. 附：常見的字母與字母組合發音規則

（一） 母音字母a

1. 重讀開音節 [ei] paper ; late; make ; lake ; face

2. 重讀閉音節 [æ] bag ; fat; cat ; ladder ; mass

（*例外：any一些[e] ;many許多[e]）

3. 非重讀音節 [ə]或[i]

即：[ə]—— ago; along ; among ; above ; aloud

[i]——comrade ; village ; manager ； palace ; private ；necklace

*連續相同的子音（字母），一般只發一個音，而且歸屬後一個音節段。如上的ladder,village .

4.在字母w或wh後面，發[ɔ] was ; wash ; what ; want (*例外：water水[ɔ:])

5.a在諸如-ance;-ask;-ass;-ast;-ath組合裡,重讀時均發[a:]

即：dance;France ; chance

ask ;mask ;task ;basket

class;grass ;glass ;pass ;——（*例外：mass[æ]）

fast;cast ;past ;last ;master ;

father;path ;bath ;——(*例外：maths[æ])

(二)母音字母e

1.重讀開音節 [i:] me ;he ;she;these ;evening

2.重讀閉音節 [e] hen ;get ; set;tell ; echo

3.非重讀音節 [i] useless ;ticket;basket ;pocket ;before ;below ;

（三）母音字母i或y

1.重讀開音節 [ai] China ; try ; my; hi ; time ; guide;

2.重讀閉音節 [i] sit ; hit ; ill; little ; system ;

3.非重讀音節 [i] unit ;study

(四)母音字母o

1.重讀開音節 [əu] no ; so ; go; home ; photo ;

2.重讀閉音節 [ɔ] not ; hot ; box; fox ; cock ; cost ;

3.非重讀音節 [ə] purpose ; concern

4.o在字母m,n,v或th之前，均發[ʌ]

son; month ; come ; ton ; (*例外：Tom[ɔ])

love; dove ; glove ; above ; another

mother; brother ; become ; some

5.兩個單詞：woman[‘wu-mən]女人（單數） ; women[‘wi-min]女人（複數）

（五）母音字母u

1.重讀開音節 [ju:] pupil ; student ; use; cube

2.重讀閉音節 [ʌ]或[u]

即：[ʌ]——cut; luck ; umbrella ; us

[u]——put ; full ; pull

4.非重讀音節 [ə] autumn ;August ; support

●母音字母組合的拼讀規則

（一）母音字母a的字母組合

1.ai或ay在重讀音節中 [ei] rain ; train ; brain ; pain day ;may ; play ; stay ; lay

*ay在非重讀音裡[i]或[ei] Sunday ; Monday ; Tuesday ; Thursday; Friday

2.al+絕大多數子音字母 [ɔ:] small ; wall ; call ; talk ;walk ；chalk

3.或[ɔ: l] also ; always

*al後面是k時，只發[ɔ:]

al+f或m時，al發[a:] half; calm

-al在詞尾非重讀[（ə）l] medal ; metal ; (例外canal運河，重音在後[æl])

3.-ance在重讀時[a: ns] chance ; dance ; France

在非重讀時[əns] importance ；performance ；ambulance

4.-ant非重讀[ənt] assistant ; important ；peasant

5.-ange一般[eindʒ] change ; danger ;strange ;(*但orange[indʒ])

6.-age一般[idʒ] village ; carriage; marriage

7.-ask一般重讀時[a: sk] ask ; mask ; task;basket

8.-ass一般重讀時[a: s] class ; glass ; grass; pass ; (*但mass[æ])

9.-ast一般重讀時[a:st] last ; past ; fast ; cast

-aste一般[eist] waste ; paste; taste

10.-ath一般[a: θ] bath ; path ; (*但maths[æθ])

或[a: ð]father ; rather ; (*但gather[æð])

11.-au一般[ɔ:] cause ; autumn ;August; (*但because[ɔ])

-augh(t) [ɔ: (t)] caught ; taught ; daughter

(*例外：laugh[l a: f])

12.-aw [ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law ; awful

13.a在字母w或wh後面，a發[ɔ]

was ; wash ; want ; what; (*但water[ɔ:])

14.-ar重讀音時[a:] party ; car ; farm; army ; yard ; hard ; star

在字母w或音[w]後面時 [ɔ:] war ; warm ; warn;towards ; *quarter

在非重讀音時[-ə] beggar ;dollar ; solar

15.-are一般[-εə] hare ; bare ; dare ; stare ;rare ; care ; parent

16.-air一般[-εə] chair ; fair ; hair; pair ; stair ; repair

17.-able一般[eibl] able ; cable ; table; stable

(二)母音字母e的組合

1.-ea重讀音節有四個音，分別是下列：

-ea[i:] team ; meat ; lead; teach ; read ; mean ; please ; steal

-ea[e] threat ; bread ; meant; read(過去式和過去分詞); peasant

-ea[iə] real ; really

-ea[ei] great ; break

2.-ee[i:] feel ; week ; keep ; three; steel ; street ; sweep ; see

*但是一個例外：coffee[i]

3.-eer[iə] deer ; pioneer ; engineer; volunteer

4.-er重讀音節[ə:] her ; term ; service; Germany

非重讀[ə] worker ; paper; western ; teacher

特殊讀法[a:] clerk

5.-ere [iə] here ; mere

-ere 或者發[εə] there ; where

6.-ear 有三種音，分別是：

-ear [iə] ear ; dear ; near ; clear; tear (n.) ; beard

-ear [ə:] early ; earth ; learn ;heard

-ear [a:] heart

* tear作為動詞時，發[εə]

7.-ei[ei] eight ; weigh ; weight

-ei [ai] height

-ei [i:] receive

8.-ey重讀[ei] they ; hey; survey

-ey重讀[i:] key

-ey非重讀[i]monkey ; donkey ; valley ; volleyball

*-et非重讀[it] pocket ; ticket ; rocket

9.-ew 一般[ju:] new ; few; knew

-ew 或者發[u:] grew ; threw

-ew還可以發[əu] sew

10.-ege [idʒ] college

11.-est [i s t] biggest ; modest ;happiest;

12.詞尾的-ed在濁音後[d] lived ; studied

-ed在清音後[t] worked ; finished

-ed在字母t或d後[id] wanted ;needed

（三）母音字母i或y的組合

1.-ie在重讀音節中，或在子音字母前，發[i:] field ; piece ; achieve

-ie在詞尾[ai] lie ; die ; tie

2.-igh(t)在重讀音節[ai(t)] high ; night; light ; bright

3.-ir在重讀音節[ə:] girl ; firm; circle ; first ; third

4.-ire在重讀音節[‘aiə] fire ; tired; hire ; retired ; wire

5.-ild [aild] child ; wild

6.-ind [aind] find ; kind ; mind ; wind ; (*但window[ind])

7.-ing [iŋ] king ; wing ; sing ; doing ; making

8.-(a)tion [(ei) ʃn] nation ; pronunciation ; information；composition

-stion [tʃn] question

-sion [ʃn]或[ʒn] mission使命 ;precision精密

9.-ye在詞尾[ai] good-bye ; bye-bye

10.-ist[i s t] list ; fist;

(四)母音字母o的組合

1.-oa在重音時[əu] boat ; coat ; road; goat ; toad

-oar在重音時[ɔ:]blackboard ; aboard

2.-oi，-oy在重音時[ɔi] boiler; point ; join ; oil

boy ; toy; joy ; loyal

3.-oo一般[u:] soon ; too ; zoo ; room ; noon; food ; mood ; boot ; moon

*單詞room和其他名詞構成合成詞時，常發短音。如classroom[u]…等等。

在字母k或有時在t，d之前時[u] cook ; look ; book; took ; foot ; good ；

4.-or在重音時[ɔ:] for ; horse ; important; morning ; born

-or在字母w後面[ə:] work ; word ; world; worse ; worth

(*但是wore ,worn例外，均發[ɔ:])

-or在非重音時[ə] monitor ; doctor ; professor ; forget;

forwards ; forgive ;conductor

5.-oar一般[ɔ:] board; aboard; blackboard

6.-oor一般[ɔ:]或在美式英語裡發[ɔ ə] door ; floor

-oor 還發[uə] poor

7.-ore在重音時[ɔ:]snore ; more ; before ; foreign; forest

8.-ou一般[au]shout ; loud ; round ; found

-ou還發[ʌ] country ; countryside；trouble

-ou 還發[u:] wound ; wounded

9.-ough(t)發[ɔ:( t)] ought ; brought ; bought ; fought; thought

(*例外：cough[k ɔ f])

10.-oe[əu] toe ; hoe ; Joe

11.-old[əu l d] old ; hold ; cold ; told

12.-ost[əu s t] post ; most ; host ; ghost(*例外cost[ɔ s t])

13.-our在重音時[au] sour ; our ; hour ;

還發[ɔ:] four ; course ; pour

還發[uə] tour ; gourd

-our 在詞尾(非重音)[ ə] colour ; neighbour ; favourite

14.-ow在重音時[au] now; cow ; down ; how ; town

-ow在重音或非重音中[əu] low ; yellow ; below; follow ; grow

tomorrow ; window ; widow; know ; show

（五）母音字母u的組合

1.-u在字母ll或sh之前，或者在字母b,p或f之後，均發[u]

如：full ; bull ; pull; push ; bush

字母l,r或j+u構成的開音節，u發[u:] rule; true ; blue ; June

2.-ue在詞尾[ju:]argue ; continue

3.-ui在字母j或r後面時，發[u:] fruit ; juice

-ui在字母b或g後面，或者緊接重音節後面的一個音節時發[i]

如： build ; guilty ; biscuit

(*即就是說字母u不發音)

4.-ur在重音時[ə:] turn; return ; Thursday ; nurse ; purse

在非重音時[ə] surprise ; Saturday

-ure在重音時[(j) uə] pure[juə]; manure[juə] ; sure[uə]

- ture發[tʃə] picture; future ; mixture

(II) ●子音字母及子音字母組合的拼讀規則

子音字母一般都發字母本身音,只有一些是特殊的,下面試列舉如下:

1.b在一般情況下[b]back ； big ; lab ; brother

b和u在一起，u常發[i] building； build ； busy

-bt一般[t] debt ; doubt

2.c在字母e,i或y前面時[s] city; Bruce ; juice ; bicycle ；face ; central

c在字母a,o或u,或者在子音字母前[k] cup ; cold ; cattle ; duck ;

bicycle ; cap; cut ; class ;

c在詞尾時也發[k]，但後面有e，那還發[s] gymnastic[k] ; music[k]

grace[s] ; Bruce[s]

-cc在母音字母a,o,u和子音字母之前[k] occasion ; according ; occupy ; acclaim

在母音字母e和i之前[ks] accent ; success

-ci有時發[ʃ] social

-ch 有三種音[tʃ][ k]或[ʃ] 如下：

[tʃ]China; rich ; chick; chalk

[k] school ; chemist ; chemistry ; chemical; ache ; technology

[ʃ] machine ; parachute ;moustache

-tch[tʃ] catch ; match ; fetch ;hatch ; butcher

-ck[k] duck ; luck ; ticket ; pocket ; black; cock

3.d在一般情況下[d]did ; made ; desk ; duck ; doubt ; damage

-ds發[dz]birds ; hands

dr在母音字母前[dr]dry ; dress ; driver ; drill

-dge一般[dʒ]bridge ; fridge ; judge ; edge

4.f在一般情況下[f]five ; flag ; life ; leaf

5.g在字母e,i或y前面[dʒ] large ; general ; gymnastics ; age; energy

*例外：give ;forgive ; get ; forget等,g都發[g]

在字母a,o或u,或者在子音字母前[g]goat ; game ; guard ; ghost ; glass

在詞尾也發[g] big ; egg ; fig; flag

-gn[n]，即g不發音 foreign ; sign ; gnaw

-gh發[f]或[-](*既不發音) [-] high ; thought ; light ; brought

[f] laugh ;cough

-dge發[dʒ] bridge ; knowledge ; judge

*gue-,gua-和gui-在詞首時一般u都不發音 guess ; guest; guard ; guide

而-gue在詞尾發[g] league ; colleague

6.h在一般情況下[h]help ; behave ; hello ; hit ; hurry

h在字母r或x後面不發音 rhino; exhibition

7.j在一般情況下[dʒ] joy ; judge ; injure ; journey ; January; jar ; just

8.k在一般情況下[k] king ; milk ; kick; kiss ; lock ; knock

k後面是n時，k不發音,即kn發[n] knock ; knee ; know ; knowledge; knife

9.l在母音字母前發[l](*即“勒”音，供參考) light；look ; let ; lab ; live

l在子音字母或詞尾時發[l](*即“爾”音，供參考) cold ；sell ; chalk

10.m在一般情況下[m]meet ; meat ; mother ; come ; make ; Tom

m後面是b時,b不發音,即-mb發[m] comb ; tomb ; climb ; bomber

11.n在一般情況下[n]in ; now ; next ; ton ; nest

n在m後面時，n常不發音,即-mn發[m] autumn ; column

但後面有後綴或構成合成詞，則n還要發音的 autumnal ; columnist

-ng常發[ŋ]或[ŋg] 發[ŋ] sing ; king ; English;young

發 [ŋg] finger ；younger ; language

-nk常發[ŋk] bank ; sink ; sank ; sunk ; ink; thank

12.p在一般情況下[p]map ; cap ; people ; pest

-ph[f] photo ; phantom; philosophy ; physics ; phrase

13.que在一般情況下[k]unique ; cheque

qu一般發[k w] quarter ; quick ; quilt; quiet ; quite ; queen

14.r在母音字母前才發音[r](*即音同“略”供參考) room ；read ; rest ; around

r在子音字母或詞尾前，一般不發音 car ; star ; jar

rh在母音字母前只發[r] rhyme ; rhino ; rhetoric

15.s在詞首和詞尾、清子音之前或之後,或者在詞尾同時在短母音之後，一般發[s]

如：see ; some ; set ; sister ; works; lips ; newspaper ; yes ; this

注：一條發音習慣，歐美人在發[s]音後面的清子音時，習慣上把該清子音發成相對應的濁子音（而書寫音標的時候，還是寫成清子音），試舉例如下：

如：school---音標[s k u: l]，而習慣念成[s g u: l]

street---音標[s tr i: t],而習慣念成[s dr i: t]

stubborn---音標[‘s t ʌ b n],而習慣念成[‘s d ʌ b n]

student---音標[‘s t j u: d ə n t],而習慣念成[‘s d j u: d ə n t]

space---音標[s p ei s],而習慣念成[s b ei s]

steal---音標[s t i: l],而習慣念成[s d i: l]

就是這樣，像這樣的單詞還有很多。這裡只列舉這麼多了。

s在兩個母音之間或者在濁子音和母音之間時，發[z]

如：these ; nose ; lose; rise ; wisdom ; observe

詞尾的s在濁子音或母音之後（即在濁音之後），發[z]

如：pigs ; plays ; flags ; eggs ; toys; boys

詞尾的s在長母音之後，發[z] hers ; yours

s還可以發[ʃ] sure ; Russia

-sh一般發[ʃ] sheep ; ship ; wish ; show ; shift; fish

-sch一般情況下[s k] school ; scheme(計劃)

-sion一般情況下[ʃ n] tension ; succession

在母音字母后[ʒ n] decision ; conclusion

-sure在母音字母后[ʒ ə] measure ; pleasure

16. t在一般情況下[t] tooth ； cat ; teach ; tool; hit

cut ; let ; ten ; table; taste ;

-th一般發[θ]或[ð],即發[θ] thin ; tooth ; youth; think ; thigh

發[ð] that ; with ; this; these ; those

-tr[tr] try ; trust ; trip; trouble ; tree ; street

-tion[ʃ n]information ; organization; pronunciation ; production

(*一個例外：question[tʃ n])

-ture[tʃ ə] picture ; mixture; future

17.v在一般情況下[v] very ; live ; vehicle; vase ; valley ; village

18.w在母音字母之前[w] wear ; window ; widow ; week ;weak ; wisdom

wr[r] write ; wrong ; wrist; written

wh[h] who ; whom ; whose; whole

wh[w] what ; which ; when; where ; why

aw[ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law; lawyer ; awful

ew[j u:] few ; threw ; grew; knew ; new

ow[əu] own ; owner ; low; slow ; know ; below

ow[au] now ; cow ; crown

19.x在一般情況下[ks] box ; fox ; next; textile

位於母音字母之前且重音落在後一個音節上時，發[gz] exam ; exist ; anxiety

20.y在母音字母之前[j] you ; youth ; yes; young

21.z在一般情況下[z] zoo ; quiz ; zebra ; zero ; zipper