Celts were practiced famers. The drained much ofmarshlands and built houses of wood.They wreironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celtslanguages, are the basis of the language which is stillused by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德魯伊教). 克爾特人是有經驗的農民，他們排幹沼澤地，用木材建造房屋。他們還打造鐵器。蘇格蘭和威爾士語就是以他們的語言為基礎發展而來的。
1 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。
2The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.
克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是約公元前400年佈列吞人的抵達。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達。
英語國家概況:英國的歷史起源(羅馬征服)
II. Roman Invasion 羅馬征服
Between 55 and 54 B.C., Julius Casesar invaded British twice. But it was only nominalconquest for 96 years. The real conquest began in 43 A.D. and lasted for almost 350 years.
The Romans never did succeed in subduing all of Britain. One of the greatest achievements ofthe Roman Empire was its system of roads. The influence of Roman thought survived in Britainonly through the Church. Romanization was not successful in other areas like language andculture.
1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格魯—薩克遜時代(奠定了英國的基礎)
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.
五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼(條頓)部落。
①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became theKing of Kent in 449.
②Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established theirkingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the6th century.
③In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany andwere to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria.These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia andNorthumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared,except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sentSt. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew"s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen(異教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop ofCanterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but theconversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks inthe north.
3.The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of theEnglish nation)
早期盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they
①divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courtsand shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised thenarrow-strip, three-field
②farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also
④created the Witan(council or meeting of the wisemen)to advise the king, the basis of thePrivy Council which still exists today.
英國的歷史起源(克爾特人的到來和定居)
(公元前5000年—1066年)
I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克爾特人的到來和定居
Celts were practiced famers. The drained much ofmarshlands and built houses of wood.They wreironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celtslanguages, are the basis of the language which is stillused by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德魯伊教). 克爾特人是有經驗的農民，他們排幹沼澤地，用木材建造房屋。他們還打造鐵器。蘇格蘭和威爾士語就是以他們的語言為基礎發展而來的。
1 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。
2The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.
克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是約公元前400年佈列吞人的抵達。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達。
英語國家概況:英國的歷史起源(羅馬征服)
II. Roman Invasion 羅馬征服
Between 55 and 54 B.C., Julius Casesar invaded British twice. But it was only nominalconquest for 96 years. The real conquest began in 43 A.D. and lasted for almost 350 years.
公元前55到公元前54年，凱撒大帝兩次征服，但只是96年名義上的佔領。真正的征服開始於公元43年，並持續了350年。
The Romans never did succeed in subduing all of Britain. One of the greatest achievements ofthe Roman Empire was its system of roads. The influence of Roman thought survived in Britainonly through the Church. Romanization was not successful in other areas like language andculture.
羅馬征服並沒有真正的征服英吉利，但羅馬人帶去了先進的技術，尤其是公路系統。羅馬人在語言和文化上都沒能征服當地人，只有他們的宗教例外。許多羅馬教堂拔地而起。
英語國家概況:英國的歷史起源(盎格魯—撒克遜人)
III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎格魯—撒克遜人
1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格魯—薩克遜時代(奠定了英國的基礎)
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.
五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼(條頓)部落。
①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became theKing of Kent in 449.
②Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established theirkingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the6th century.
③In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany andwere to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria.These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia andNorthumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
居住在日德蘭半島(現丹麥南部)上從事打漁農耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。一個朱特人首領於449年當上了國王。後來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統治期從五世紀末至六世紀初。
六世紀後半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時把他們的族名加諸在英華人夠上。這七個主要王國(肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東英吉利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞)，合稱為七王國。
2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared,except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sentSt. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew"s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen(異教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop ofCanterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but theconversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks inthe north.
盎格魯—撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬聖安德魯修道院的院長聖奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英華人皈依基督教。公元579年聖奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功於北方修道們的傳教活動。
3.The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of theEnglish nation)
早期盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they
①divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courtsand shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised thenarrow-strip, three-field
②farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also
④created the Witan(council or meeting of the wisemen)to advise the king, the basis of thePrivy Council which still exists today.
盎格魯—撒克遜人構築了英國的國家基礎。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負責執法。其次，他們設計的窄條三區輪作制延用至18世紀。此外，他們還建立了領地制。最後，他們還創立了諮議會(賢人會議)，向國王提供建議，這就成為了今天尚存的樞密院的前身。