Tsar (/zɑːr, tsɑːr/; Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь [usually written thus with a title] or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe. As a system of government in the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, it is known as Tsarist autocracy, or Tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word Caesar, which was intended to mean "Emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch)—but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to king, or to be somewhat in between a royal and imperial rank.
Translatio imperii (Latin for "transfer of rule") is a historiographical concept, originating in the Middle Ages, in which history is viewed as a linear succession of transfers of an imperium that invests supreme power in a singular ruler, an "emperor" (or sometimes even several emperors, e.g., the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Holy Roman Empire). The concept is closely linked to translatio studii (the geographic movement of learning). Both terms are thought to have their origins in the second chapter of the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible (verses 39–40).
All Roads Lead to Rome" is the modern reading of a medieval statement, apparently originally a reference to Roman roads generally and the Milliarium Aureum (Golden Milestone) specifically.[1] As a proverb, it refers to the fact that many routes can lead to a given result.
當年奧古斯都時代，當年修建帝國公共基礎設施，所以才會有此諺語的出現。
眾所周知，8月份的英文是August, 元老院命名此月是為了紀念奧古斯都
但是7月(July)與愷撒有關。。
July is the seventh month of the year (between June and August) in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar, it being the month of his birth. Prior to that, it was called Quintilis, being the fifth month of the 10-month calendar.
能問出這種問題的人，簡直是人才。論到世界歷史哪個帝國最神秘，根本就沒羅馬啥事。。。
從公元前753，羅馬建城之始及至公元1453年，君士坦丁堡隕落。。兩千多年的國家，已經多次出現在西方史學家的筆下。。
先從語言上來說，拉丁語，希臘語流傳至今，本人就讀於中外合作辦學，所認識的外方老師基本會拉丁語，因為拉丁語在國外高中是選修課程，國內目前也有少數幾所大學開設拉丁語課程，如果有學希臘語的同學必定會讀過東羅馬時期的希臘語著作。。
在從法律來說，西方的現有法律無一例外都可以從羅馬法中找到痕跡。。更別說法律學說上的自然法，正是羅馬共和國末期著名的政治家 思想家 法學家西塞羅將它發揚光大！
西塞羅此人備受文藝復興時期的名人彼特拉克推崇，啟蒙時期的思想名人數次引用他的著作，同時此人也被譽為三權分立的先行者！
從政治來說，羅馬首創元首制，羅馬皇帝中的頭銜Augustus(奧古斯都) 被多名神羅皇帝引用為頭銜。。。更別說德語中的Kaiser來自於羅馬的Caesar(愷撒)，如今德語中的帝國就是KaiserReich。此外東歐普遍使用的沙皇，最早也是來自於羅馬.
Tsar (/zɑːr, tsɑːr/; Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь [usually written thus with a title] or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe. As a system of government in the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, it is known as Tsarist autocracy, or Tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word Caesar, which was intended to mean "Emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch)—but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to king, or to be somewhat in between a royal and imperial rank.
此外英語中的Emperor(皇帝)也是最早來自於拉丁語中的Imperator，這個詞最初是軍團統帥的意思後來則是元首以及皇帝的頭銜。。
Translatio imperii (Latin for "transfer of rule") is a historiographical concept, originating in the Middle Ages, in which history is viewed as a linear succession of transfers of an imperium that invests supreme power in a singular ruler, an "emperor" (or sometimes even several emperors, e.g., the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Holy Roman Empire). The concept is closely linked to translatio studii (the geographic movement of learning). Both terms are thought to have their origins in the second chapter of the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible (verses 39–40).
此外參議院Senate這個詞最早在拉丁語指元老院。
教皇頭銜中有個Pontifex Maximus(羅馬大祭司)，這頭銜就來自於羅馬，因為這頭銜原本就是羅馬皇帝使用的過頭銜。格拉蒂安時代正式將這個頭銜移除
文化
現在西方一堆羅馬時期的建築或者典型羅馬風格的建築。。
美國國會
有一句諺語叫條條大路通羅馬(All Roads Lead to Rome)
All Roads Lead to Rome" is the modern reading of a medieval statement, apparently originally a reference to Roman roads generally and the Milliarium Aureum (Golden Milestone) specifically.[1] As a proverb, it refers to the fact that many routes can lead to a given result.
當年奧古斯都時代，當年修建帝國公共基礎設施，所以才會有此諺語的出現。
眾所周知，8月份的英文是August, 元老院命名此月是為了紀念奧古斯都
但是7月(July)與愷撒有關。。
July is the seventh month of the year (between June and August) in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar, it being the month of his birth. Prior to that, it was called Quintilis, being the fifth month of the 10-month calendar.
此外在中國，關於羅馬歷史的史書在書籍市場是熱門，大量羅馬史書被介紹過來。。好萊塢也拍了眾多反應羅馬時代的電影，最典型的就是角鬥士。