一)動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後，
例如：
I"m glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主語：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式置於句後，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有：1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示讚揚或批評的形容詞，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。
（2）作表語：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作賓語：
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）後面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）後置，放在賓語補足語後面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作賓語補足語：
在複合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種複合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介詞有時也與這種複合賓語連用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn"t go to the cinema．
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態時，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定語：
動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關係：
①動賓關係：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應有必要的介詞，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
He is the first to get here.
（6）作狀語：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調：
I visited him only to find him out.
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It"s too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作獨立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don"t like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。
If you don"t want to do it, you don"t need to.
（9）不定式的並列：第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）動名詞：
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有名詞的句法功能。
1．動名詞的形式： Ving
否定式：not + 動名詞
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
（2）被動式：
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
（4）完成被動式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
（5）否定式：not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
（6）複合結構：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2．動名詞的句法功能：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It"s no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
In the ant city, the queen"s job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產卵。
They haven"t finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被汙染。
一)動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後，
例如：
I"m glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主語：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式置於句後，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有：1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示讚揚或批評的形容詞，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。
（2）作表語：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作賓語：
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）後面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）後置，放在賓語補足語後面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作賓語補足語：
在複合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種複合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介詞有時也與這種複合賓語連用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn"t go to the cinema．
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態時，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定語：
動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關係：
①動賓關係：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應有必要的介詞，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
He is the first to get here.
（6）作狀語：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調：
I visited him only to find him out.
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It"s too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作獨立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don"t like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。
If you don"t want to do it, you don"t need to.
（9）不定式的並列：第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）動名詞：
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有名詞的句法功能。
1．動名詞的形式： Ving
否定式：not + 動名詞
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
（2）被動式：
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
（4）完成被動式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
（5）否定式：not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
（6）複合結構：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2．動名詞的句法功能：
（1）作主語：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It"s no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
（2）作表語：
In the ant city, the queen"s job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產卵。
（3）作賓語：
They haven"t finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被汙染。