獨立主格結構（Independent Genitive） 獨立主格結構有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，後一部分是非謂語動詞或其他的一些詞。前後兩部分具有邏輯主謂關係。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語，多用於書面語。 獨立主格結構本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨等。 獨立主格結構的功能 獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中，其作用相當於一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如： 1) 表示時間 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活，坐下來喝茶。 2） 表示條件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。 3） 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車，我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。 4） 表示伴隨情況 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 常見的獨立主格結構有如下幾種： 1. 名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間主謂關係。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什麼好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊遊。 2. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動賓關係。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質量已經提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由於眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。 3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關係，且強調的是一次具體性的動作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 藉助於一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別後，一個回了家，一個去了書店。 4. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這麼多人缺席，會議不得不取消。 5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束，他們就都回家了。 6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。 7. There being +名詞（代詞）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣佈散會。 8. It being +名詞（代詞）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。 獨立主格結構的特點： 1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。 2）名詞或代詞與後面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關係。 3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 舉例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了，我們開始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成後，我們才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結束後，每個人都想早點回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子裡，耳朵凍壞了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館 注：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。 如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。 I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。使用獨立主格五點注意： 1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個物件時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後，學生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。 (2)在There being＋名詞的結構中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室，手裡拿著一本書。比較with的複合結構。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來主編來了，我們開始開會。(比較動名詞複合結構。) 獨立主格結構的用法 獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。 1. 用作時間狀語：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後，我們就回家了。 2. 用作條件狀語：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小遊。 3. 用作原因狀語：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4. 用作伴隨狀語：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦後。 5.表示補充說明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人幹兩個人的活。 *注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當於一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當於一個並列句，通常放於句末。
獨立主格結構（Independent Genitive） 獨立主格結構有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，後一部分是非謂語動詞或其他的一些詞。前後兩部分具有邏輯主謂關係。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語，多用於書面語。 獨立主格結構本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨等。 獨立主格結構的功能 獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中，其作用相當於一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如： 1) 表示時間 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活，坐下來喝茶。 2） 表示條件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。 3） 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車，我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。 4） 表示伴隨情況 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 常見的獨立主格結構有如下幾種： 1. 名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間主謂關係。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什麼好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊遊。 2. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動賓關係。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質量已經提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由於眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。 3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關係，且強調的是一次具體性的動作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 藉助於一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別後，一個回了家，一個去了書店。 4. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這麼多人缺席，會議不得不取消。 5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束，他們就都回家了。 6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。 7. There being +名詞（代詞）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣佈散會。 8. It being +名詞（代詞）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。 獨立主格結構的特點： 1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。 2）名詞或代詞與後面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關係。 3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 舉例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了，我們開始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成後，我們才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結束後，每個人都想早點回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子裡，耳朵凍壞了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館 注：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。 如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。 I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。使用獨立主格五點注意： 1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個物件時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後，學生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。 (2)在There being＋名詞的結構中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室，手裡拿著一本書。比較with的複合結構。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來主編來了，我們開始開會。(比較動名詞複合結構。) 獨立主格結構的用法 獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。 1. 用作時間狀語：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後，我們就回家了。 2. 用作條件狀語：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小遊。 3. 用作原因狀語：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4. 用作伴隨狀語：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦後。 5.表示補充說明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人幹兩個人的活。 *注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當於一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當於一個並列句，通常放於句末。