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1 # 唐玉英語工作室
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2 # 英語語法實驗室
題主說的獨立結構,準確地說應該是“獨立主格結構”,這可以稱得上是英語中最難的語法了。但不用怕,我用一句話就能幫你掌握這個最難語法的用法。
獨立主格結構=省略了with的with複合結構。首先來看一下with複合結構的用法:with複合機構=with+賓語(名詞代詞)+賓補。賓補即賓語補足語,補充說明前面賓語的特徵或所做的動作。作賓補的通常為以下6種。
我用以上6種賓補構建了一個完整的語境,想象一位過度操勞疲憊不堪在洗衣服時睡著了的母親:With all the clothes washed, (所有衣服被洗完了)
with the water running,(水在流淌著)
with other housework to do, (還有其他家務要去做)
with the door open, (門開著)
with the light on, (燈也開著)
with a bar of soap in her hand, (手裡還握著塊肥皂)
the tired mother fell asleep.(那位疲憊的母親睡著了)
把with複合結構中的with去掉,就構成了獨立主格結構。
比如The clothes washed, the tired mother fell asleep.
為什麼叫獨立主格呢?這是因為,使用非謂語動詞等形式作狀語,可以起到連線逗號隔開的前後兩個句子的作用,但是前後兩個句子的主語要保持一致。
文章連結:
https://www.toutiao.com/i6514779629822149127/
例句:
Seeing the city on the top of the mountain, we find the city looks like a fish.
(我們)在山頂上看城市,我們發現這座城市看起來像一條魚。
Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks like a fish.
(城市)從山頂上被看時,城市像一條魚。
而上面這個句子,The clothes washed, the tired mother fell asleep.使用了非謂語動詞washed來連線前後兩個句子。但是前面句子的主語是“衣服”,而後面句子的主語是“疲憊的母親”。也就是使用了非謂語動詞的部分有自己獨立的主語,這就叫獨立主格。
以下是更多獨立主格機構的例句,各位可以還原with後理解和感受。Weather permitting, I will go swimming tomorrow.
天氣允許的話,我明天將去游泳。
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3 # 蟲蟲講英語
01. 主語獨立、去連(接)詞
「獨立主格結構」與「分詞作狀語」的區別在於:
在上節課中,我們剛講到現在分詞(doing)和過去分詞(done)作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件等。使用原則是:主、從句主語一致,並可以與when,if,though 等連線詞連用。如:
而在「獨立主格結構」中:1)主格(可以理解為“主語”)是獨立的,也就是說,獨立主格結構的主語不用依賴主句,它自己就有主語,跟主句的主語不一樣;
2)不帶連(接)詞。蟲子之所以寫成“連(接)詞”,是因為 and,so 等連線並列句的,稱“連詞”;而 what, that,how,who 等連線從句的詞,我們習慣性叫做“連線詞”。
02. 四大功能獨立主格結構有4個常用的功能,分別是表時間、條件、原因,和伴隨;我們用“十(時)條鷹(因)伴隨”來記;接下來,蟲子將在每種功能下列出幾個例句,請大家留心例句中獨立主格的構成方式。
⚠️ 接下來,我們將分別對以上功能進行改裝。此處有3個改裝原則,請牢記:
1)對於獨立主格結構的主語和動作,主動關係用 doing(現在分詞)、被動關係用 done(過去分詞)。有時候,一些固定搭配看起來像被動語態,實際上不含被動意義,如:be tired of, be filled with 等;
2)being,having been 一般省略,除了2種特殊情況,蟲子寫在04 Part;
3)連(接)詞扔掉。
@ 表時間
解析:在獨立主格結構中,連線詞 when 丟掉;the class was over,可改裝為:the class being over,但正常情況下,being/ having been 可以省略不寫。剩下部分照搬。
下面這句,你來把它變成獨立主格結構:
When dinner was finished, they didn’t offer to help me clean.飽飯過後,他們沒人提出幫我收拾。@ 表條件
解析:連線詞 if 丟掉;weather permits, 主動關係,動詞 permit 改成非謂語形式的 doing。剩下部分照搬。
到你了:
If all things are considered, he is just not that into you.綜合考慮的話,他沒有那麼喜歡你啦。@ 表原因
注:獨立主格結構中,如果出現否定,not 要提前;“小黃車還沒有退他的押金”,1)ofo至今未退押金;2)這件事對他現在也產生了影響:他很不爽。現在完成時變獨立主格結構,改為 having done 即可:hasn’t released → not having released。此外,連詞 because 丟掉。
到你:
Dad didn’t take his medicine, so Mom started chattering on about it.老爸沒有吃藥,媽媽開啟了叨逼叨模式。注:didn’t take 只是簡單的一般過去時,不涉及完成時,因此改裝的時候不必小心翼翼,否定 not 提前,主動關係,後接 doing 即可。didn’t take → not taking。
@ 表伴隨
注:wide 在本句中作副詞,指“(睜得)很大”,修飾睜著眼這個動作:She opened her eyes wide → Her eyes were opened wide. 改裝為獨立主格結構,were 丟掉,只留下過去分詞 opened,剩下照搬,即:her eyes opened wide.
你:
He read books, while his wife sewed by his side.他看書,他老婆在旁邊縫衣服。03. 三大結構以上,我們講了獨立主格結構“十條鷹伴隨”的功能,在這部分,我們大致看看獨立主格結構的三種結構:
蟲子認為,這三種結構大家都能記牢是最好的;如果實在記不全,想辦法弄懂獨立主格結構的改裝規律(見 02 Part),有時間再多看看例句。
04. 特殊情況1)在以下兩種結構中,being,having been 不可以省略:
> > It be… 結構
It being Christmas, the stores are playing Jingle Bells.
It having been raining for days, I seem to have run out of dry panties.
> > There be… 結構
There being no taxi, we had to walk home.
2)一些固定搭配,本身是可以獨立存在的分詞短語,背下就對了:
> > to do
To make matters worse, the employees are banned from buying iPhones.
更糟的是,(企業)禁止員工購買蘋果手機。
> > doing
Supposing the bride doesn’t show up, what shall we do?
假如新娘不出現的話,我們咋辦?
Considering that he is a kid, we won’t let him get away!
(考慮到)他還只是孩子,千萬不要放過他!
05. 課後練習建議拿出小本本,把你的答案寫下來;做完再統一核對。蟲子在其中混了幾個難題,等下會給出詳細解析(要等大家做題後再解析,這樣大家記得更牢;講解中還會出現新的相關重點,牆裂建議大家認真做題,仔細核對答案)。
1) ______ Sunday, I shall have a nice day at home.
A. There being B. It being C. It is
2) With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager is having a hard time.
A. to settle B. settled C. to be settled
3) Everything ______ into consideration, they ought to be given another chance.
A. to take B. to be taken C. taken
4) The man stood under a tree, ______.
A. a pipe in mouth
B. with a pipe in mouth
C. pipe in mouth
5) The beggar stood there, ______ .
A. with back against the wall
B. with his back against the wall
C. his back was against the wall
6) The boy stood before the roasted duck, his eyes ______ on it and his mouth ______.
A. were fixed, was watered
B. fixed, watering
C. fixed, watered
7) ______, I had to do her work instead.
A. She was ill
B. Her being ill
C. She being ill
8) The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. began B. beginning C. having begun
後·臺·回·復:獨立主格
06. 總結> > 獨立主格結構與分詞作狀語的區別:
> > 3個改裝原則:
1)主動用 doing,被動用 done;
2)being,having been等常省略;
3)去掉連(接)詞。
> > 4個功能,分別為表示時間、條件、原因,以及表示伴隨狀態(時、條、因、伴隨),用“十條鷹伴隨”記憶。
> > 3種結構
> > 在以下兩種結構中,being,having been 不可以省略:
1)It be… 結構
2)There be… 結構
回覆列表
英語中的所謂“獨立結構”,不過是從句的簡化形式,為的是在不影響把意思表達清楚的前提下,使句子結構簡練,緊湊。例如:
Lying on the coach, the boy fell asleep.
簡化之前為:
While he was lying on the coach, the boy fell asleep.
再如:
We have divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.
簡化之前為:
We have divided the work: he is to clean the windows and I am to sweep the floor.