主從複合句是指含有兩個或更多主謂結構的句子，其中有一個（或更多）主謂結構充當整個句子的某一（些）成分。充當定語的句子叫定語從句，充當狀語的句子叫狀語從句，充當主語、賓語、表語或同位語的句子叫名詞性從句。主句與從句之間用關聯詞連線起來。關聯詞除了在主語與從句之間起連線作用外，絕大多數不但本身有意義，而且還要在從句中充當句子成分。但是，引導名詞性從句的whether或if有“是否”之意，但不在從句中充當句子成分，‘引導名詞性從句的that沒有任何意義，也不在從句中充當句子成分。

主從複合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個次要成分,不能獨立成為一個句子。從句通常由關聯詞引導,並由關聯詞將從句和主句聯絡在一起。如:While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛孩子,同時對他們也嚴格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來會議沒完沒了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you"ll be late.(快點, 要不然就來不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什麼方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃。)

主從複合句

主從複合句由一個或一個以上的從句構成,主句為句子的主體,從句不能獨立,只用作句子的一個成分.

主從複合句主要包含定語從句,狀語從句和名詞性從句.

定語從句

定語從句的主要內容如下：

一、定語從句的定義及其結構

二、關係代詞和關係副詞在定語從句中的作用

三、關係代詞引導的定語從句

四、關係副詞引導的定語從句

五、關係代詞前帶介詞的定語從句

六、由關係代詞as引導的定語從句

七、關係代詞that 與which 用法的區別

八、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別

一、 定語從句的定義及其結構

定語從句的定義:

1.定義：在複合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句.例如：

The girl who is standing there is Mary.

先行詞 關係詞

2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的詞.

關係詞：引導定語從句的詞.

應該注意的是：

a.定語從句一般位於先行詞之後,由關係代詞或關係副詞來引導.

b.當關系代詞作定語從句的主語時,其後的謂語動詞的人稱和數取決於先行詞.

c.關係代詞和關係副詞在定語從句中擔任某一成分.

二、關係代詞和關係副詞在定語從句中的作用

關係詞 先行詞所指 關係詞在句中作用

關係代詞 that 人/物 主、賓、

which 物 主、賓、

who 人 主、賓

whom 人 賓

whose 人/物 定

as 人/物/事情 主、賓、

關係

副詞 when 時間 時間狀語

where 地點 地點狀語

why 原因 原因狀語

引導定語從句的有關係代詞who, whom, whose, which, that 和關係副詞 when, where 等.

關係代詞和關係副詞用來引導定語從句,在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用,使二者聯絡起來.關係代詞可作主語,賓語,和定語,關係副詞可作狀語.

1． 關係代詞在定語從句中作主語：

關係代詞在定語從句中做主語時,從句中的謂語動詞的人稱和數必須和先行詞一致.

例如：

There is somebody who wants to see you.

The novel which was written by Tom is very interesting.

I like pictures that are painted by my students.

以上三句中的關係代詞 who, which, that 在從句中均作主語.

第一例中的定語從句的謂語動詞wants和先行詞somebody的人稱和數相一致.

第二例中的定語從句的謂語動詞was和先行詞novel的人稱和數相一致.

第三例中的定語從句的謂語動詞are和先行詞pictures的人稱和數相一致.

2. 關係代詞在定語從句中作賓語

The new student whom I want to introduce to you has come.

The letter that (which) I received yesterday was from a friend of mine.

在口語和非正式文體中,定語從句中關係代詞可以省略

3. 關係代詞在定語從句中作定語

This is the student whose pronunciation is excellent.

The book whose cover has come off is mine.

4. 關係代詞在定語從句中作狀語：

關係代詞where, when 在定語從句中分別作地點狀語和時間狀語

The doctors came at a time when we need them most.

Later, man began to settle in the places where the food and water were plentiful.

二、 關係代詞引導的定語從句

who指人,在定語從句中做主語,例如：

That’s the teacher who teaches us Chinese.

Whom指人,在從句中做賓語,口語中who可以代替whom,在限制性定語從句中也可以被省去,但作介詞賓語時只能用whom,例如：

Do you know the worker (whom) we met at the school gate?

whose指人,也可以指物,在從句中做定語,例如：

The professor whose wife teaches you English has been to China.

The house whose windows were damaged has now been repaired.

Which指物,在定語從句中做主語或賓語,which充當賓語時,在限制性定語從句中也可以被省去,例如：

Here is the book which the teacher mentioned yesterday.

The book which is on the desk is a dictionary.

關係代詞which 的先行詞在作非限制性定語從句中有時不是一個單詞,而是前面整個主句所表達的概念,例如：

The foreign teacher helped us with spoken English, which was very kind of her.

that 多指物,也可指人,在從句中做主語或賓語.指物時,其用法和which大致相同.

This is the power station that (which) we built last year.

Who is the person that is playing the piano?

四、 關係副詞引導的定語從句

when指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語,

例如：we’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.

Where 指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語,例如：

This is the place where I was born.

六、 關係代詞前帶介詞的定語從句

關係代詞與介詞

關係代詞whom,which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,介詞可放在whom, which之前,也可以放在句中原來的位置上,例如：

Is he the man (whom) you spoke to yesterday?

該句的介詞to 放在原來的位置上,whom 可以省略.

Is he the man to whom you spoke yesterday?

該句的介詞to 也可以放在whom之前,whom 不可以省略.

含有介詞的短語動詞等固定片語一般不可以分開,例如：

This is the answer which we are looking for .

注意： 關係代詞作介詞賓語時,介詞不可以放在that 之前,例如：

Can you lend me the book that you talked about the other day?

介詞about 不可以放在關係代詞that 之前.

引導定語從句的關係副詞when, where和關係代詞 whose 有時可以用“介詞+which” 來代替,例如：

We’ll never forget the day when (on which) the People’s Republic of China was founded.

This is the place where (in which) I was born.

The book whose cover has come off is mine.

The book, the cover of which has come off is mine.

六、由關係代詞as引導的定語從句

As 可作為關係代詞來引導定語從句,例如：

He is from Beijing, as you know.

在這裡,as 引導的非限制性定語從句,相當於which引導的非限制性定語從句

He is from Beijing, which you know.

但as引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在句首,而which引導的非限制性定語從句不能放在句首.

As you know , he is from Beijing.

As 可作為關係代詞來引導定語從句,既可以單獨引出定語從句,又可以與主句中的the same 或 such 相呼應,從句中的謂語動詞常省略,例如：

She is the same age as you (are).

I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using.

七、 關係代詞that 與which 用法的區別

which 可以引導一個非限制性定語從句,that 則不能,例如：

He had failed in the English, which made his father very angry.

Which 之前可以有介詞,that 之前則不能,例如：

This is the house in which Tom used to live.

只能用that,而不能用 which 的情況

1.當先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, much, little, few,none 等不定代詞時,例如：

That is all that I want to say.

2. 當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高階所修飾時,例如：

The first place that I visited in Beijing was the Great Wall.

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

3. 當先行詞被 the very,the only,the just 等詞修飾時,例如：

Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.

4. 當兩個先行詞一個指人,一個指物時,例如：

The famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.

5. 當主句已有疑問詞who或which時,例如：

Who that you have even seen can do better?

6. 如果有兩個定語從句,其中一句的關係代詞是 which ,另一句則用that,例如：

Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which

was newly open to us.

八、 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別

定語從句分限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句兩種,限制性定語從句為先行詞不可缺少的定語從句,如果將這種定語從句省去,主句的意思就會不完整或不明確.這種定語從句和主句的關係十分密切,不用逗號分開,例如：

She is the nurse who looks after the children.

非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的附加說明,如果將這種定語從句省去,也不至於影響主句的意思,它和主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如：

The letter is from my brother, who is working in the factory.

請比較以下限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句在意義上的區別：

All the books there, which have pictures in them, were written by him.

這兒所有的書都是他寫的.書裡面都有插圖.

（ 該句為非限制性定語從句,“書裡面都有插圖”只是對先行詞的附加說明）

All the books there which have pictures in them were written by him.

這兒所有裡面有插圖的書都是他寫的.

（ 該句為限制性定語從句,意即書裡面沒有插圖的書不是他寫的）