1． 一般現在時
一般現在時的形式
是以動詞的原形表示的，當主語為第三人稱單數時，做謂語的動詞原形後要加上詞尾-s or -es, 其構成方式列表如下：
情況 構成 例詞
一般情況 詞尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o結尾的詞 詞尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes
以子音字母+Y 結尾的詞 變Y為I，再加-es Tries, carries
但是，動詞to be 和to have 的一般現在時的形式特殊如下：
一般動詞的詞形變化 To be 的詞形變化 To have 的詞形變化
I know it I am a student I have a pen.
You know it. You are a student You have a pen
He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen.
We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens.
一般現在時的功用
1. 表示一直髮生的事情，經常發生的動作：
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
Excuse me, do you speak English?
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.
It often rains in summer in Beijing.
2. 表示客觀事實或者真理：
Birds fly.
The earth goes around the sun.
3. 談論時間表、旅程表等，如：
What time does the film begin?
The football match starts at 8 o’clock.
Tomorrow is Thursday.
4. 談論籍貫、國籍等，如：
Where do you come from?
I come from China. 你是哪華人？我是華人。
I come from Guangzhou. 你是哪裡人？我是廣州人。
5. 詢問或者引用書籍、通知或新近接到的信箋內容，如：
What does that notice say?
What does Ann say in her letter?
She says she’s coming to Beijing next week.
Shakespears says, “Neither a borrower or a lender be.”
說：“既不要向人借錢，也不要借錢給別人。”
一般過去時
一般過去時是表示在說話時間以前發生的動作或者狀態的動詞時態，它是英語時態體系中最重要的時態之一。
1) 一般過去時規則動詞的構成形式：
規則動詞在其原形後面加-ed:
to work-worked
以字母e結尾的規則動詞，只加-d:
to love---loved
對所有人稱均無詞形變化。
否定式均由did not + 構成
I / you / he / she / they / we did not work.
疑問式均由 did + 主語 + 構成
拼寫注意：
情況 變化 例詞
動詞為單音節，以一個母音字母和一個子音字母結尾 子音字母雙寫，再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmit-admitted
以y結尾的動詞，在y 前為子音字母時 Y 變為 I ,加 - ed Carry -carriedHurry -hurried
以y 結尾的動詞，在y 前為母音字母時 加-ed Obey-obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed
在英語當中有一部分動詞的過去式變化形式是不規則的，這類動詞被稱為不規則動詞。總數大概不過200多個，但是使用頻率很高。主要分成三類：
1》 第一類不規則動詞的三種形式同形，如：
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt
shut shut shut
set set set
注意，有些動詞的過去式與過去分詞有兩中形式，如：
bet bet / betted bet / betted
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
2》 第二類不規則動詞的過去式和過去分詞同形，如：
bend bent bent
bring brought brought
catch caught caught
hide hid hid / hidden
get got got/ gotten(AmE)
lead led led
3》 第三類不規則動詞的原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同，如：
原形 過去式 過去分詞
begin began begun
break broke broken
forbid forbade forbidden
grow grew grown
ring rang rung
wake woke / waked woken / waked
此外還有少數不規則動詞的過去分詞與原形相同，如：
come came come
become became become
run ran run
一般過去時的功用
1） 表示一個沒指明具體時間的過去的行動，如：
He worked in that bank for four years. (沒說明起始時間，但是現在不在那裡工作了)。
They once saw Deng Xiaopin.
Did you ever hear BackStreet Boy sing?
2) 表示在過去特定的時間結束的行動，如：
When did you meet him?
I met him yesterday.
When we lived in Phoenix, we studied at Arizona State University.
Where have you been?
I’ve been to the opera.
Did you enjoy it?
3) 表示過去的習慣
He always carried an umbrella.
They never drank wine.
現在完成時的形式
現在完成時由to have 的現在時+過去分詞構成：
肯定式 否定式 疑問式 否定疑問式
I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked?
You have worked You havenot worked Have you worked? Have you not worked?
He (she)has worked. He(she)has not worked. Has he(she) worked? Has he(she) not worked?
We(you / they) have worked. We (you / they) have not worked. Have we (you / they) worked? Have we (you / they) not worked?
緊縮形式
現在完成時的功用
現在完成時可以說成是兼有現在與過去意義的一種複合時態。它與現在有密切聯絡，如：
------Oh,dear, I’ve forgotten her name.
和現在的聯絡就是 I don’t remember her name now.
------Fort has gone to Canada.
和現在的聯絡就是 He is not here. He is in Canada now.
1) 表示延續到現在的動作 （有時是總計做了多少次等）。
How many times have you been to the United States?
She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times.
Tom has lived in Now York all his life.
2) 表示開始與過去而在說話時刻結束的行動，如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久沒見到你了。（說話時刻已經見到了）
This room hasn’t been cleaned for months. (也許從說話開始時刻就要打掃它了)
3) 表示過去的動作對現在造成的影響，如：
The window has broken.
4) 和最高階連用，表示到現在為止是最……的
What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.
Is it a thick book?------Yes, it is the thickest book I’ve ever read.
5) 和句型 This is the first time…, It’s the first time 連用，如：
This is the first time he has driven a car.
(相當於 he has never driven a car before.)
Is this the first time you’ve been in hospital?
Professor Johnson has lost his passport again. It’s the second time he has lost it.
6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副詞連用，如：
Have you ever eaten French cheese?
We have never had a private car.
Has it stopped raining yet? (yet 表示期待雨停止)
Would you like something to eat?
No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.
Don’t forget to mail the letter, will you?
I’ve already mailed it. (already 表示比預料的要快)
7）與since 連用，since 表示與某一時刻或從句連用，表示“從那一刻到說話時為止”，它總是與完成時連用，如：
She has been here since 6 o’clock.
He hasn’t been himself since the accident. （那次事故後，他從未完全康復）
Since I was a child I have lived in England.
一般過去時與現在完成時的比較
1） 過去時僅僅表示過去，現在完成時還表示與現在的關係，如：
He has lost his key.
He lost his key.
2) 與現在無關的或者過去很久的歷史事件不能用現在完成時
The Chinese invented printing.
Shakespear wrote Hamlet.
3)如果說明動作有特定的過去時間，就不能用現在完成時，如：
Did you see the film on television last night?
Tom lost his key yesterday.
詢問某事發生的具體時間或者地點時（when , what time, where）, when , what time, where）, 用一般過去時，如：
What time did they arrive?
When and where were you born?
比較：
Have you see Ann this moring? ( 說話時仍為上午)
Did you see Ann this morning? ( 說話時為下午)
Jack has lived in London for six years. 還在倫敦住
Jack lived in London for six years. 先不住倫敦了
I have never played golf in my life.
I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer.
現在進行時
現在進行時是由助動詞to be 的現在時 + 現在分詞構成：
肯定式 否定式 疑問式
I am
working.You
working.He
working.We
現在分詞的構成，是在動詞原形上加-ing, 但是應該注意：
動詞以單個e 結尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing
動詞以 -ee結尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
動詞為單音節：以單一母音字母 + 單一子音字母結尾 子音字母雙寫，再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
動詞為雙音節或者多音節：最後一個音節為重讀音節，以單一母音字母 + 單一子音字母結尾 子音字母雙寫，再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting
以 y 結尾的動詞 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
現在進行時的功用
1） 表示說話時正在發生或者進行的動作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying.
Let’s get out. It isn’t raining any more.
2) 表示在現在相對較長一段時間內正在進行的動作，但是說話一刻不一定在做的動作
Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.
David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.
這些動作，在說話時並不一定在發生或進行，而是在包括說話的一剎那在內的一段時間內發生、進行的。
3）表示最近的確定的安排
Ann is coming tomorrow.
Oh, is she? What time is she arriving?
At 10:15.
Are you meeting her at the station?
I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning.
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式來表示。但是談論已確定的安排時候，用現在進行時態顯得更加自然，除非受到動詞的功能的限制。在此，切不可用will, 如：
Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.
4) 和always 連用表示某種情緒，可能是厭煩也可能是讚揚，如：
Tom is always going away for weekends.
My husband is always doing homework.
有些動詞是表示一種狀態而不是動作，一般不用於進行時。例如，我們一般不說 I am knowing, 而說 I know. 常見的這類動詞有：
want like hate know see hear believe understand seem
think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have （擁有）belong
To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受
Do you like Beijing?
Do you see the rainbow?
I remember him very well.
I think I understand what he wants.
一般現在時和現在進行時的比較
一般現在時表示的是一般、重複的動作或者事情
現在進行時表示說話時或說話前後正在發生的動作或事情，如：
Tom plays tennis every Sunday.
Where’s Tom? -------He is playing tennis.
What do you do? 你是幹什麼工作的？
What are you doing here? 你在這裡幹什麼？
一般現在時是表示經久的情況，而現在進行時表示的是暫時的，如：
My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years.
She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment.
過去進行時
過去進行時的構成形式為：
I / he /she was
We / they / you were + 動詞的現在分詞
過去進行時的功用
1） 表示在過去某個時間後者某段時間正在進行的動作，如：
When I rang him up, he was having dinner.
This time last year I was living in Shanghai.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
2) 過去進行時和一般過去時連用，表示在一個動作發生的過程中，發生了另一個動作，如：
It was raining when I got up.
I fell asleep when I was watching television.
3) 過去一般時所說明的動作是已經完成的，而過去進行時不表示正在進行的動作一定會完成，如：
Tom was cooking the dinner.
Tom cooked the dinner.
現在完成進行時
其構成形式如下：
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 動詞的現在分詞
功用如下：
1） 表示一個在過去開始而在最近剛剛結束的行動，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一個從過去開始但仍在進行的行動，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (現在還在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一個從過去開始延續到現在，可以包括現在在內的一個階段內，重複發生的行動，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 現在完成時強調動作行為的結果、影響，而現在完成進行時只強調動作行為本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
1． 一般現在時
一般現在時的形式
是以動詞的原形表示的，當主語為第三人稱單數時，做謂語的動詞原形後要加上詞尾-s or -es, 其構成方式列表如下：
情況 構成 例詞
一般情況 詞尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o結尾的詞 詞尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes
以子音字母+Y 結尾的詞 變Y為I，再加-es Tries, carries
但是，動詞to be 和to have 的一般現在時的形式特殊如下：
一般動詞的詞形變化 To be 的詞形變化 To have 的詞形變化
I know it I am a student I have a pen.
You know it. You are a student You have a pen
He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen.
We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens.
一般現在時的功用
1. 表示一直髮生的事情，經常發生的動作：
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
Excuse me, do you speak English?
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.
It often rains in summer in Beijing.
2. 表示客觀事實或者真理：
Birds fly.
The earth goes around the sun.
3. 談論時間表、旅程表等，如：
What time does the film begin?
The football match starts at 8 o’clock.
Tomorrow is Thursday.
4. 談論籍貫、國籍等，如：
Where do you come from?
I come from China. 你是哪華人？我是華人。
Where do you come from?
I come from Guangzhou. 你是哪裡人？我是廣州人。
5. 詢問或者引用書籍、通知或新近接到的信箋內容，如：
What does that notice say?
What does Ann say in her letter?
She says she’s coming to Beijing next week.
Shakespears says, “Neither a borrower or a lender be.”
說：“既不要向人借錢，也不要借錢給別人。”
一般過去時
一般過去時是表示在說話時間以前發生的動作或者狀態的動詞時態，它是英語時態體系中最重要的時態之一。
1) 一般過去時規則動詞的構成形式：
規則動詞在其原形後面加-ed:
to work-worked
以字母e結尾的規則動詞，只加-d:
to love---loved
對所有人稱均無詞形變化。
否定式均由did not + 構成
I / you / he / she / they / we did not work.
疑問式均由 did + 主語 + 構成
拼寫注意：
情況 變化 例詞
動詞為單音節，以一個母音字母和一個子音字母結尾 子音字母雙寫，再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmit-admitted
以y結尾的動詞，在y 前為子音字母時 Y 變為 I ,加 - ed Carry -carriedHurry -hurried
以y 結尾的動詞，在y 前為母音字母時 加-ed Obey-obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed
在英語當中有一部分動詞的過去式變化形式是不規則的，這類動詞被稱為不規則動詞。總數大概不過200多個，但是使用頻率很高。主要分成三類：
1》 第一類不規則動詞的三種形式同形，如：
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt
shut shut shut
set set set
注意，有些動詞的過去式與過去分詞有兩中形式，如：
bet bet / betted bet / betted
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
2》 第二類不規則動詞的過去式和過去分詞同形，如：
bend bent bent
bring brought brought
catch caught caught
hide hid hid / hidden
get got got/ gotten(AmE)
lead led led
3》 第三類不規則動詞的原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同，如：
原形 過去式 過去分詞
begin began begun
break broke broken
forbid forbade forbidden
grow grew grown
ring rang rung
wake woke / waked woken / waked
此外還有少數不規則動詞的過去分詞與原形相同，如：
come came come
become became become
run ran run
一般過去時的功用
1） 表示一個沒指明具體時間的過去的行動，如：
He worked in that bank for four years. (沒說明起始時間，但是現在不在那裡工作了)。
They once saw Deng Xiaopin.
Did you ever hear BackStreet Boy sing?
2) 表示在過去特定的時間結束的行動，如：
When did you meet him?
I met him yesterday.
When we lived in Phoenix, we studied at Arizona State University.
Where have you been?
I’ve been to the opera.
Did you enjoy it?
3) 表示過去的習慣
He always carried an umbrella.
They never drank wine.
現在完成時的形式
現在完成時由to have 的現在時+過去分詞構成：
肯定式 否定式 疑問式 否定疑問式
I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked?
You have worked You havenot worked Have you worked? Have you not worked?
He (she)has worked. He(she)has not worked. Has he(she) worked? Has he(she) not worked?
We(you / they) have worked. We (you / they) have not worked. Have we (you / they) worked? Have we (you / they) not worked?
緊縮形式
現在完成時的功用
現在完成時可以說成是兼有現在與過去意義的一種複合時態。它與現在有密切聯絡，如：
------Oh,dear, I’ve forgotten her name.
和現在的聯絡就是 I don’t remember her name now.
------Fort has gone to Canada.
和現在的聯絡就是 He is not here. He is in Canada now.
1) 表示延續到現在的動作 （有時是總計做了多少次等）。
How many times have you been to the United States?
She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times.
Tom has lived in Now York all his life.
2) 表示開始與過去而在說話時刻結束的行動，如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久沒見到你了。（說話時刻已經見到了）
This room hasn’t been cleaned for months. (也許從說話開始時刻就要打掃它了)
3) 表示過去的動作對現在造成的影響，如：
The window has broken.
4) 和最高階連用，表示到現在為止是最……的
What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.
Is it a thick book?------Yes, it is the thickest book I’ve ever read.
5) 和句型 This is the first time…, It’s the first time 連用，如：
This is the first time he has driven a car.
(相當於 he has never driven a car before.)
Is this the first time you’ve been in hospital?
Professor Johnson has lost his passport again. It’s the second time he has lost it.
6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副詞連用，如：
Have you ever eaten French cheese?
We have never had a private car.
Has it stopped raining yet? (yet 表示期待雨停止)
Would you like something to eat?
No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.
Don’t forget to mail the letter, will you?
I’ve already mailed it. (already 表示比預料的要快)
7）與since 連用，since 表示與某一時刻或從句連用，表示“從那一刻到說話時為止”，它總是與完成時連用，如：
She has been here since 6 o’clock.
He hasn’t been himself since the accident. （那次事故後，他從未完全康復）
Since I was a child I have lived in England.
一般過去時與現在完成時的比較
1） 過去時僅僅表示過去，現在完成時還表示與現在的關係，如：
He has lost his key.
He lost his key.
2) 與現在無關的或者過去很久的歷史事件不能用現在完成時
The Chinese invented printing.
Shakespear wrote Hamlet.
3)如果說明動作有特定的過去時間，就不能用現在完成時，如：
Did you see the film on television last night?
Tom lost his key yesterday.
詢問某事發生的具體時間或者地點時（when , what time, where）, when , what time, where）, 用一般過去時，如：
What time did they arrive?
When and where were you born?
比較：
Have you see Ann this moring? ( 說話時仍為上午)
Did you see Ann this morning? ( 說話時為下午)
Jack has lived in London for six years. 還在倫敦住
Jack lived in London for six years. 先不住倫敦了
I have never played golf in my life.
I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer.
現在進行時
現在進行時是由助動詞to be 的現在時 + 現在分詞構成：
肯定式 否定式 疑問式
I am
working.You
areworking.He
(she) isworking.We
(you,they) are working. I am notworking.You
are notworking.He
(she) is notworking.We
(you,they) are not working. Am I working?Are you working?Is he (she) working?Are we (you,they) working?現在分詞的構成，是在動詞原形上加-ing, 但是應該注意：
情況 變化 例詞
動詞以單個e 結尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing
動詞以 -ee結尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
動詞為單音節：以單一母音字母 + 單一子音字母結尾 子音字母雙寫，再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
動詞為雙音節或者多音節：最後一個音節為重讀音節，以單一母音字母 + 單一子音字母結尾 子音字母雙寫，再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting
以 y 結尾的動詞 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
現在進行時的功用
1） 表示說話時正在發生或者進行的動作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying.
Let’s get out. It isn’t raining any more.
2) 表示在現在相對較長一段時間內正在進行的動作，但是說話一刻不一定在做的動作
Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.
David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.
這些動作，在說話時並不一定在發生或進行，而是在包括說話的一剎那在內的一段時間內發生、進行的。
3）表示最近的確定的安排
Ann is coming tomorrow.
Oh, is she? What time is she arriving?
At 10:15.
Are you meeting her at the station?
I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning.
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式來表示。但是談論已確定的安排時候，用現在進行時態顯得更加自然，除非受到動詞的功能的限制。在此，切不可用will, 如：
Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.
4) 和always 連用表示某種情緒，可能是厭煩也可能是讚揚，如：
Tom is always going away for weekends.
My husband is always doing homework.
有些動詞是表示一種狀態而不是動作，一般不用於進行時。例如，我們一般不說 I am knowing, 而說 I know. 常見的這類動詞有：
want like hate know see hear believe understand seem
think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have （擁有）belong
To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受
Do you like Beijing?
Do you see the rainbow?
I remember him very well.
I think I understand what he wants.
一般現在時和現在進行時的比較
一般現在時表示的是一般、重複的動作或者事情
現在進行時表示說話時或說話前後正在發生的動作或事情，如：
Tom plays tennis every Sunday.
Where’s Tom? -------He is playing tennis.
What do you do? 你是幹什麼工作的？
What are you doing here? 你在這裡幹什麼？
一般現在時是表示經久的情況，而現在進行時表示的是暫時的，如：
My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years.
She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment.
過去進行時
過去進行時的構成形式為：
I / he /she was
We / they / you were + 動詞的現在分詞
過去進行時的功用
1） 表示在過去某個時間後者某段時間正在進行的動作，如：
When I rang him up, he was having dinner.
This time last year I was living in Shanghai.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
2) 過去進行時和一般過去時連用，表示在一個動作發生的過程中，發生了另一個動作，如：
It was raining when I got up.
I fell asleep when I was watching television.
3) 過去一般時所說明的動作是已經完成的，而過去進行時不表示正在進行的動作一定會完成，如：
Tom was cooking the dinner.
Tom cooked the dinner.
現在完成進行時
其構成形式如下：
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 動詞的現在分詞
功用如下：
1） 表示一個在過去開始而在最近剛剛結束的行動，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一個從過去開始但仍在進行的行動，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (現在還在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一個從過去開始延續到現在，可以包括現在在內的一個階段內，重複發生的行動，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 現在完成時強調動作行為的結果、影響，而現在完成進行時只強調動作行為本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.