鉀 K [Ar]4S1

鈣 Ca [Ar]4S2

鈧 Sc [Ar]3d14S2

鈦 Ti [Ar]3d24S2

釩 V [Ar]3d34S2

鉻 Cr [Ar]3d54S1

錳 Mn [Ar]3d54S2

鐵 Fe [Ar]3d64S2

鈷 Co [Ar]3d74S2

鎳 Ni [Ar]3d84S2

銅 Cu [Ar]3d104S1

鋅 Zn [Ar]3d104S2

鎵 Ga [Ar]3d104S24p1

鍺 Ge [Ar]3d104S24p2

砷 As [Ar]3d104S24p3

硒 Xe [Ar]3d104S24p4

溴 Br [Ar]3d104S24p5

氪 Kr [Ar]3d104S24p6

大部分情況下最外層的就是價電子，但像銅等副族元素例外