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    DanielDefoewasborninabutcher'sfamilyandneverwenttouniversity.

    Asamemberofmiddleclass,Danielshowhissympathyforthedowntrodden,unfortunatepoor.

    Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,whichiscommonEnglish.

    RobinsonCrusoewashisfirstnovel,thatofwhichheroisAlexanderSelkirkthatlivedintheuninhabitedislandaloneforfiveyears.Andthestruggleagainstwithnatureformsthebestofthenovel.

    OherworksareCaptainSingleton,MollFlanders,Col琺叮粹顧誄該達雙憚晶oneljackandRoxana

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    DanielDefoewasaprolificwriter(over370knownpublications)whocould–andwould–turnhishandtoalmostanytopic;hehasbeencalledoneofthegreatestjournalistsandthefatherofjournalism.Tomanyofhiscontemporaries,hewasamanwhosoldhispentothepoliticalpartyinofficeandsolackingintegrity.Hewasnottakenseriouslybyliterarymen,thoughhisskillatwritingwasacknowledged.AlexanderPopesaidofhim,"ThefirstpartofRobinsonCrusoeisverygood–DeFoewroteavastmanythings;andnonebad,thoughnoneexcellent,exceptthis"(1742).

    Hewasanoutsider,beingaDissenterorPuritan,thesonofabutcher,andasuspectedgovernmentspy(thissuspicionwasconfirmedinthenineteenthcentury).JonathanSwiftregardedhimwithcontempt,"OneoftheseAuthors(theFellowthatwaspilloryed,IhaveforgothisName)isindeedsograve,sententious,dogmaticalaRogue,thatthereisnoenduringhim."AtleastpartofSwift'sattitudeissnobbery;DefoewasnotagentlemanbornorraisedthoughheaspiredtobeoneandchangedhisnamefromFoetoDefoeandboughtacoachwithhiscoatofarmsonitsdoor.

    Fornearlyseventy-fiveyears,Defoe'sreputationasawriterwasindecline.Butfrom1780to1830,asuccessionofbiographiesandeditionsofhisworkswaspublished,andhisliterarystarbegantorise.AsperceptiveacriticasColeridgeappreciatedhisartistry.ButSirWalterScott,thoughappreciative,raisedtheobjectionthatDefoelackedconsciousartistry,"Defoeseemstohavewrittentoorapidlytopaytheleastattentiontohiscircumstances;theincidentsarehuddledtogetherlikepaving-stonesdischargedfromacart,andaslittleconnexionbetweentheoneandtheother."Thisobjectioncontinuestoberaised.

    Despitethesefavorablechanges,Defoehadnotyetachievedhiscurrentliteraryeminence.Therevelationthathehadbeenagovernmentspyreinforcedtheearliernegativeviewofhim,andsomemid-19thcenturyreaderswereshockedbythelanguageandcontentofMollFlandersandothernovelswithroguesasthemaincharacter.Despitethesenegativereactions,by1860thenumberofbooksandessaysabouthimincreaseddramatically,andhewasonthewaytobeingacknowledgedasoneofthegreateighteenthcenturywriters.

    Hereceivedwidespreadandconsistentseriouscriticalattentioninthetwentiethcentury,andhisworkshavebeensubjectedtomoderninterpretations,e.g.,Marxist,psychoanalytic,feminist,andpoststructuralist.

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