本篇文章介紹了孩子十種負面童年經歷，並提到了其他負面經歷，同時講述了7種可以抵消負面經歷的正面經歷。在一些關於孩子因責罵而輕生的評論中，一些人會認為打罵沒錯，因為他們從小被打罵也沒怎麼樣。這就忽視了其他來自於家庭內外負面經歷、個體差異以及可以與之相抵消的正面經歷等因素；有的父母選擇為了孩子“不離婚”，雖然離婚對孩子而言的確是一個負面經歷，但往往這種環境中爭吵不斷、對孩子繼續忽視、暴力對待、精神操縱，或者母親繼續受到欺侮，這就相當於揀了芝麻丟了西瓜，避免了一個負面經歷，換取了多項負面經歷。
Adults who self-report more positive childhood experiences (PCEs) tend to have a lower likelihood of clinical depression or poor adult mental health—and a higher probability of healthy adulthood interpersonal relationships—according to a new survey-based study from Johns Hopkins University.
根據約翰斯·霍普金斯大學的一項新的調查研究，報告說自己有更多正面童年經歷（PCE）的成年人，被臨床診斷抑鬱症或處於不佳心理健康狀態的可能性更低，擁有健康成年人際關係的可能性則更高。
A total of 6,188 women and men over the age of 18 participated in this survey. Although the study has some significant limitations (e.g., cross-sectional, observational, correlational) and cannot confirm causal effects, the findings suggest that the seven interpersonal positive childhood experiences (that were the focus of this research) could have lifelong, beneficial ripple effects on mental and relationship health.
共有6188人參與了本次調查，參與者有男有女，均在18歲之上。儘管該研究有一些嚴重限制（如，橫斷式、觀察式和相關法研究方式），而且也不能確定因果，但這些發現卻展示了7種人際正面童年體驗（該調查的核心主題）能夠對心理和感情健康產生持續終生的、有益的影響。
Christina Bethell and co-authors hope their recent findings will be a call to action for parents and public health advocates to take a two-pronged approach to:
Christina Bethell和其合著作者們希望他們的研究能夠讓父母們和公共衛生倡導者們行動起來，採用雙管齊下的方式：
1. Boost positive childhood experiences加強正面童年經歷2. Reduce adverse childhood experiences.減少負面童年經歷
"This study offers the hopeful possibility that children and adults can thrive despite an accumulation of negative childhood experiences," Bethell said in a statement. "People assume eliminating adversity automatically results in good health outcomes, but many people reporting lower adversity in childhood still had poorer mental and relational health outcomes if they did not also report having had positive childhood experiences."
“這一研究給出了這一充滿希望的可能性，即，即使存在一些負面童年經歷，兒童和成年人依舊可以健康成長，”Bethell表示，“人們一直假設，消除負面經歷自然而然就能夠帶來良好的健康結果，但很多彙報說自己在童年時期負面經歷較少的人，如果他們並未彙報說有正面童年經歷，他們依舊錶現出較差的心理和關係健康程度。”
"PCEs" and "ACEs" Are Two Sides of the Same "Childhood Experiences" CoinPCE 和 ACE：童年體驗這一硬幣的正反兩面
If you bumped into someone on the street taking this psychological survey and they randomly asked: "Before the age of 18, did you experience more positive childhood experiences (PCEs) or more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)?" what would be your knee-jerk response?
如果你在大街上遇到做這一心理調查的人，他們隨機問到：在18歲之前，你的正面童年經歷較多還是負面童年經歷較多？你的第一反應會是什麼？
These are the 10 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Each of these items counts for one point as part of an individual's 1-10 ACE score.共有10種負面童年體驗（ACE），在ACE評分體系中，每一項代表與一分。
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
I know my ACE score; therefore, my very first response to the survey taker would be: "I've taken the ACE test but, until now, I'd never heard of PCEs. Exactly what type of early life experiences do you classify as so-called 'positive childhood experiences?'"
我知道我的ACE分數，因此，對這一調查開展人員，我的第一反應是：我是做過ACE測試的，但我從沒聽說過PCE。究竟你們把哪類早期生活經歷歸類為所謂的“正面童年經歷”？
Below are the seven items on the positive childhood experience (PCE) psychometric analysis. For each item, respondents are asked to respond "yes" or "no" to a prompt, "Before the age of 18, I was..."
以下是正面童年經歷心理計量分析中的7項經歷。對於每項經歷，被測試者需要對每個以“18歲之前，我曾經……”開始的問題回答是或否。
1. Able to talk with my family about my feelings.2. Felt that my family stood by me during difficult times.3. Enjoyed participating in community traditions.4. Felt a sense of belonging in high school.5. Felt supported by friends.6. Had at least two non-parent adults who took a genuine interest in me.7. Felt safe and protected by an adult in my home.
1.能夠和我的家人談論我的感受。
2.在我的艱難時刻，我能感受到我的家人和我站在一起。
3.喜歡參與社群傳統活動。
4.在高中時有歸屬感。
5.感到來自朋友的支援。
6.至少有兩個父母之外的成年人發自真心地對我感興趣。
7.在家中，感到安全，並感到被一位成年人保護。
Now that you know the seven PCEs, how many times did you answer "yes" on this seven-item survey? The higher your score, the more positive childhood experiences you had based on this psychometric analysis.
現在你知道這7項PCE了，你有幾項是回答“是”的呢？你的分數越高，根據這一心理計量分析，你的正面童年經歷就越多。
According to the researchers, "This study designed, tested, and used a new positive childhood experiences measure that showed a dose-response relationship between how many positive experiences adults reported and their mental and relational health. This new "cumulative positive" design captures aggregate experiences in the same way adverse childhood experiences measure 'cumulative risk.'"
據研究人員所說，“該研究設計、測試並使用了一種全新的正面童年經歷測試方法，這一測試方法展現了成年人所彙報正面經歷數量以及他們的心理與關係健康程度之間的量效關係。”這一全新的“累積正面經歷”設計捕捉累積經歷，與負面童年體驗對“累積風險”的測量方式相同。
ACEs Quiz負面童年經歷測試
As mentioned, the latest Johns Hopkins survey also gave respondents the standard adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) quiz. (If interested, you can get your ACE score by clicking on this free NPR link and answering "yes" or "no" to 10 questions.)
如上所述，這一調查同時還讓受調查物件參加了標準的負面童年經歷（ACE）測試。如果感興趣，可參見下文，用是或否回答這10個問題。
For each “yes” answer, add 1. The total number at the end is your cumulative number of ACEs.
對每個回答“是”的問題，加1分。最後總分則是你的ACE總分。
Before your 18th birthday:你18歲生日前：
1. Did a parent or other adult in the household often or very often… Swear at you, insult you, put you down, or humiliate you? or Act in a way that made you afraid that you might be physically hurt?家中是否有一位父母或其他成年人經常或非常頻繁……罵你、侮辱你、貶低你或羞辱你？或其行為讓你害怕你可能會受到肢體傷害？2. Did a parent or other adult in the household often or very often… Push, grab, slap, or throw something at you? or Ever hit you so hard that you had marks or were injured?家中是否有一位父母或其他成年人經常或非常頻繁……推、拉、扇你或向你扔東西？或甚至將你打到留下印痕或受傷？3. Did an adult or person at least 5 years older than you ever… Touch or fondle you or have you touch their body in a sexual way? or Attempt or actually have oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse with you?是否有一位成年人或一位至少比你大5歲的你曾經……出於性目的觸控或撫弄你或讓你觸控他們的身體？或試圖或的確與你發生口交、肛交或陰部性交關係？4. Did you often or very often feel that … No one in your family loved you or thought you were important or special? or Your family didn’t look out for each other, feel close to each other, or support each other?你是否曾經常或非常頻繁感到……你的家中沒有人愛你，或者沒有人覺得你重要或特別？或你的家人並不互相關心、彼此不親密、不支援？5. Did you often or very often feel that … You didn’t have enough to eat, had to wear dirty clothes, and had no one to protect you? or Your parents were too drunk or high to take care of you or take you to the doctor if you needed it?你是否曾經常或非常頻繁感到……你沒有足夠的食物、不得不穿髒衣服、沒有人保護你？或你的父母因為酗酒或吸毒無法照顧你，或當你需要就醫時無法帶你去醫院？
6. Were your parents ever separated or divorced?你的父母是否分居或離婚？
7. Was your mother or stepmother:你的母親或繼母：Often or very often pushed, grabbed, slapped, or had something thrown at her? or Sometimes, often, or very often kicked, bitten, hit with a fist, or hit with something hard? or Ever repeatedly hit over at least a few minutes or threatened with a gun or knife?經常或頻繁被推搡、拽、扇巴掌或被扔東西？或者有時、經常或非常頻繁被踢、被咬、被拳頭打或被硬器打？或曾經在至少短短几分鐘內被反覆毆打，或被用槍或刀具威脅？
8. Did you live with anyone who was a problem drinker or alcoholic, or who used street drugs?你是否曾經與問題酗酒者或吸毒者同住？9. Was a household member depressed or mentally ill, or did a household member attempt suicide?是否有家庭成員抑鬱或患有精神疾病？或是否有家庭成員試圖自殺？
10. Did a household member go to prison?是否有家庭成員曾經入獄？
Source: NPR, ACEsTooHigh.com. This ACEs Quiz is a variation on the questions asked in the original ACEs study conducted by CDC researchers.
What’s Missing?該ACE測試未囊括事項
The quiz is a helpful tool for raising awareness about the potential impact of ACEs. But it’s important to remember all the things this quiz doesn’t take into account.
對於提高人們對負面童年經歷潛在影響的意識方面，該測試是非常有用的工具。但也需要記住，這一測試並未囊括所有因素。
Stressors outside the household (e.g., violence, poverty, racism, other forms of discrimination, isolation, chaotic environment, lack of services)
家庭外壓力源（如：暴力、貧窮、種族歧視、其他歧視形式、隔絕、混亂環境、缺乏必需服務等）
Protective factors (e.g., supportive relationships, community services, skill-building opportunities)
保護因素（如支援型感情關係、社群服務、技能培訓機會等）
Individual differences (i.e., not all children who experience multiple ACEs will have poor outcomes and not all children who experience no ACEs will avoid poor outcomes—a high ACEs score is simply an indicator of greater risk。Every one is different, and adverse experiences in childhood affect each child differently. Just because a person has experienced several ACEs does not mean that later social, emotional, or health problems are inevitable. Some children develop resilience – the ability to overcome serious hardship – while others do not. Genetic factors also play a role, in that some children are predisposed to be more sensitive to adversity than others. And the most common factor among children who show resilience is at least one stable and responsive relationship with a supportive adult.)
個體差異（即，並非所有經歷多重ACE的孩子都會有不良後果，也並非沒經歷過任何ACE的孩子就不會有不良後果——高ACE分數只是意味著更高風險。每個人都各不相同，童年負面體驗對每個孩子會產生不同影響。一個人經歷過一些負面童年經歷，並不一定就意味著之後在社交、精神或健康方面一定會產生問題。一些孩子會形成堅韌品質——克服重大困難的能力，而另一些孩子則並不會。基因因素也會產生一定影響，一些孩子天生要比另一些孩子對逆境更敏感。而在具有堅韌品質的孩子群體中，最為普遍的一個因素，是他們至少與一位支援他們的成年人之間具有穩定的、迴應式關係（積極迴應孩子需求）。）
正面童年經歷可能會對心理和關係健康產生終生影響。
In the paper's discussion section, Christina Bethell and co-authors "hypothesize that PCEs may have a greater influence in promoting positive health, such as getting needed social and emotional support or flourishing as an adult. In turn, these positive health attributes may reduce the burden of illness even if the illness is not eliminated."
"Overall, study results demonstrate that PCEs show a dose-response association with adult mental and relational health, analogous to the cumulative effects of multiple ACEs," the authors concluded. "Findings suggest that PCEs may have lifelong consequences for mental and relational health despite co-occurring adversities such as ACEs."
“整體而言，研究結果展示，正面童年經歷與成年人心理與關係健康之間顯示出存在量效關係，類似於負面童年經歷的累積效果。發現結果顯示，儘管存在諸如負面童年經歷之類同時發生的逆境，正面童年經歷可能會對心理和關係健康產生終生影響。”
If you are a parent, guardian, or caregiver of someone under 18: In closing, I've reframed the seven positive childhood experiences (PCEs) listed above in the third person, present tense. The next time you need a reminder on how to plant the seeds of future flourishing for your kid(s), say to yourself:
如果你是一位18歲以下孩子的父母、監護人或看護人：
最後，我從第三人稱、現在時態的角度重新編輯了上面的7條正面經歷。下次當你需要被提醒該如何給孩子種下茁壯成長的種子的時候，告訴自己：
"Children are more likely to have better mental health, a lower risk of depression, and healthier relationships in adulthood if they are able to:
“當孩子能夠有以下經歷時，孩子成年後更可能有更好的心理健康水平、更低的抑鬱風險以及更健康的感情關係：”
(1) Talk with family members about their feelings, (2) Feel that their families stood by them during difficult times, (3) Enjoy participating in community traditions, (4) Feel a sense of belonging in high school, (5) Feel supported by friends, (6) Have at least two non-parent adults who take genuine interest in them, and (7) Feel safe and protected by an adult in their home."
與家庭成員談論他們的感受；在困難時刻，感受到他的家人與他站在一起；喜歡參與社群傳統活動；在高中感到歸屬感；感到來自朋友的支援；有至少兩位父母之外的成年人發自真心地對他們感興趣；在家中感到安全，並感到被一位成年人保護。
The good news for every parent is that these PCE items are practical and, for the most part, easy to facilitate in your child's day-to-day life.
對每位父母來說，好訊息是，這些正面童年經歷很切實際，而且大部分時候，在孩子日常生活中，都易於實踐。