How would you feel as a parent if your child became the first Time Magazine Kid of the Year?
如果你的孩子成為《時代》雜誌的第一個“年度兒童”，身為父母的你會作何感想?
Time Magazine is a highly reputable publication in the United States. Every year, they do a polling among readers to choose a person of the year for their magazine cover in December.
《時代》雜誌是美國享有盛譽的出版物。每年，他們都會在讀者中進行民意調查，選出十二月份雜誌封面的年度人物。
I’d like you to meet Gitanjali Rao, a Colorado teenager who invented a mobile app and device to test for lead in drinking water. She is Time Magazine’s Kid of the Year for 2020. Gitanjali was awarded for her ability to apply scientific ideas to real-world problems — and her desire to motivate other kids to take up their own causes.
我想讓你見見吉坦賈利·拉奧，一位科羅拉多州的青少年，她發明了一款測試飲用水中鉛含量的移動應用程式和裝置。
她被《時代》雜誌評為2020年“年度兒童”， 吉坦賈利·拉奧之所以獲獎，是因為她有能力將科學思想應用到現實世界的問題中去，以及她渴望激勵其他孩子去從事自己的事業。
What makes Gitanjali achieve so much at a very young age? What makes her standout?
Science and engineering have made it possible for us to live and work the way we do in the 21st century. Likewise, the intersection of both these fields, lay the basis for how people will live and work in the future world.
是什麼讓吉坦賈利在很小的時候就取得了這麼大的成就?是什麼讓她脫穎而出?科學和工程使我們能夠以21世紀的方式生活和工作。同樣，這兩個領域的交集，為人們在未來的世界中如何生活和工作奠定了基礎。
Time magazine in partnership with Nikolodeon, a children’s television company, chose to award a child with achievements in the fields of science and engineering. In fact, the Forbes business Magazine also named Gitanjali last year to the Forbes 30 Under 30 list.
《時代》雜誌與兒童電視公司Nikolodeon合作，選擇獎勵在科學和工程領域取得成就的兒童。事實上，《福布斯》商業雜誌去年還將吉坦賈利列入了《福布斯30位30歲以下人士》榜單。
Historically, the United States’ economic growth has largely been fueled by science discoveries and engineering innovation.
In 1950, the US government established the National Science Board with the mandate to develop and make accessible science education in K-12 schools as well as in colleges and universities. There were not enough graduates in the science and engineering fields, which can impact the future economy of the country.
歷史上，美國的經濟增長很大程度上是由科學發現和工程創新推動的。1950年，美國政府成立了國家科學委員會，其任務是在K-12學校以及大專院校發展和普及科學教育。在科學和工程領域沒有足夠的畢業生，這將影響國家未來的經濟。
In the traditional framework, when we think about science and engineering, the immediate thoughts that come to mind are scientists and engineering nerds who were born with unique abilities, such as good memory with the superior aptitude to excel in the sciences and math. Schools and media have shaped our thinking of these fields as only present in a few people.
在傳統的框架中，當我們想到科學和工程時，首先想到的是科學家和工程書呆子，他們生來就有獨特的能力，比如記憶力好，有在科學和數學方面出類拔萃的天賦。學校和媒體塑造了我們對這些領域的看法，認為它們只存在於少數人身上。
However, this is a limited view of science and engineering. In fact, this is one of the signs that we educators are failing most of our students by not developing their competencies in these fields.
When we talk about education today, we are looking at the shift from “What do students learn?” to “How do students learn?”
然而，這是一個侷限的科學和工程的觀點。事實上，這是我們的教育者沒有在這些領域發展他們的能力而辜負大多數學生的標誌之一。
當我們今天談論教育時，我們看到的是從“學生學什麼?”到“學生如何學習?”的轉變。
The late 1900s and early 2000s, was a pivotal period in American education. Higher education institutions were producing ground-breaking inter-disciplinary research papers criticizing the behavioral framework, with new findings linking how people learn to cognitive and biological sciences.
20世紀末21世紀初是美國教育的關鍵時期。高等教育機構正在發表突破性的跨學科研究論文，批評行為框架，並有新的發現將人們的學習方式與認知科學和生物科學聯絡起來。
In 1991, the first journal of the learning sciences was released. Cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and sociocultural perspectives about learning intersected to create new models of learning.
1991年，第一本學習科學雜誌發表。認知科學、人工智慧和關於學習的社會文化視角相互交叉，創造了新的學習模式。
Education conference speakers and publications called for a more holistic approach to education with integrative pedagogy.
Multi-disciplinary research based on findings from functional MRI and a more sophisticated understanding of how people learn, shaped a new field in education, “neuroscience and learning,” also called “brain-based education.”
教育會議的發言者和出版物呼籲更全面的教育方法與綜合教學法。基於功能磁共振成像的發現和對人們學習方式的更復雜理解的多學科研究，形成了教育領域的一個新領域，“神經科學和學習”，也被稱為“腦基礎教育”。
Changing the brain:
Neuroscientists link the physical reactions and processes of the brain to learning. “For optimal learning to occur, the brain needs conditions under which it is able to change in response to stimuli (neuroplasticity) and able to produce new neurons (neurogenesis).”
The most effective learning involves recruiting multiple regions of the brain for the learning task. These regions are associated with such functions as memory, the various senses, volitional control, and higher levels of cognitive functioning.
改變大腦:
神經科學家將大腦的物理反應和過程與學習聯絡起來。“為了實現最佳學習，大腦需要能夠對刺激做出反應(神經可塑性)並能夠產生新的神經元(神經發生)的條件。”
最有效的學習需要調動大腦的多個區域來完成學習任務。這些區域與記憶、各種感覺、意志控制和高階認知功能等功能有關。
How one learns determines what one learns.
學習的方式決定學習的內容。
Yet, today, America’s educational system is in a crossroad. As educators, we can either do the same thing as we have done since the industrial revolution or prepare students for their future, which is Globalization 4.0. While America’s STEAM industries are leading the world, sadly, most American educators struggle with change.
然而，今天，美國的教育系統正處於一個十字路口。
作為教育者，我們既可以做自工業革命以來一直在做的事情，也可以讓學生為他們的未來做好準備，那就是全球化4.0。
雖然美國在STEAM領域領先於世界，但遺憾的是，大多數的教育工作者在應對改變時力不從心。
The world in which we live in today is very different from one hundred years ago. Specifically, the jobs today did not exist 20 years ago. That’s how fast change is happening. Wars are launched through Internet hacking. The speed of information across the globe makes it possible to conduct virtual classes with students participating from all over the world. Manufacturing is operated with online systems. Doctors virtually collaborate on surgeries in real time. Just recently, we are all witnessing the development of the COVID-19 vaccine, faster than ever expected.
我們今天生活的世界與一百年前大不相同。
具體來說，今天的工作在20年前是不存在的。
這就是變化的速度，戰爭是透過網路駭客發動的。全球資訊的傳播速度使得讓來自世界各地的學生參與虛擬課堂成為可能。
生產是透過線上系統操作的，醫生們實際上是實時合作進行手術。就在最近，我們都在目睹COVID-19疫苗的發展，速度比以往任何時候都快。
Yet, the way children are learning in most schools today is the same way their great grandparents were educated: lecture, rote, memorization, and tests. Compliance and discipline dominate the culture of schools. In fact, many digital versions of today’s education mostly support the same system of learning: lecture, rote, memorization, and tests. If your children continue to learn in these ways, as parents, you should worry about their future.
然而，今天孩子們在大多數學校裡的學習方式與他們的曾祖父母當年的教育方式是一樣的:講授、生搬硬套、死記硬背和考試。
遵從和紀律是學校文化的主導。事實上，當今許多數字化教育大都支援相同的學習體系:講授、死記硬背、記憶和考試。如果你的孩子繼續以這些方式學習，作為父母，你應該擔心他們的未來。
THE NEXT GENERATION SCIENCE STANDARDS
In 2013, the Next Generation Science Standards or the NGSS was published with applications of new education frameworks from the learning sciences.
In the United States, STEM, the integration of science, technology, engineering, and math—and therefore STEM education—is central to the lives of all Americans. STEM prepares students to become scientifically and technologically knowledgeable citizens and leaders. Yet for many years, science was taught without connecting with math, technology, and engineering. Likewise, math was taught in ways disconnected from other disciplines. Detachment from disciplines is the framework of the first and second industrial revolutions, when the purpose was to create workers, such as human computers for factories, rather than problem-solvers.
下一代科學標準
2013年，下一代科學標準(NGSS)與學習科學新教育框架的應用一同在美國發布。STEM(科學、技術、工程和數學)是科學、技術、工程和數學的綜合學科，STEM教育，是所有美國人生活的核心。
STEM培養學生成為科學和技術知識淵博的公民和領導者。然而，多年來，科學教學與數學、技術和工程無關。
同樣，數學的教學方式也與其他學科脫節。脫離學科是第一次和第二次工業革命的框架，當時的目的是創造工人，比如工廠的人工電腦，而不是解決問題的人。
Founded in 1975, the National Research Council or the NRC is the principal operating agency of the United Sates’ National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine. One of the main purposes of the NRC is to advance public policy, understanding, and education in matters of science, technology, and health. By integrating STEM fields, the NRC simulates real-world thinking and practices in education.
In fact, a major goal of this government agency is to inspire, nurture, and cultivate young people to build their careers in STEM fields.
美國國家研究委員會(簡稱NRC)成立於1975年，是美國國家科學院、國家工程院和國家醫學院的主要運作機構。
NRC的主要目的之一是促進科學、技術和衛生事務方面的公共政策、理解和教育。透過整合STEM領域，NRC模擬了真實世界的思考和教育實踐。
事實上，這個政府機構的一個主要目標就是激勵、培養和培養年輕人在STEM領域建立他們的職業生涯。
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY LEARNING
The education framework for globalization 4.0 focuses on multi-disciplinary conceptual understanding and engages students in real-world problem-based learning.
The more advanced learning methodologies tap into multiple regions of the brain in the design and delivery of learning experiences. By doing so, these activities build upon students’ natural brain processes connected with memory, the various senses, volitional control, and higher levels of cognitive functioning. Key to these experiences is the connection of “art” providing the forms of expression of sensory information—visual, sound, kinesthetic, and touch.
多學科的學習
全球化4.0的教育框架側重於多學科的概念理解，並讓學生在現實世界中進行基於問題的學習。
更先進的學習方法在設計和傳遞學習經驗時利用大腦的多個區域。透過這樣做，這些活動建立在學生與記憶、各種感覺、意志控制和更高層次的認知功能相聯絡的自然大腦過程之上。
這些體驗的關鍵是“藝術”的聯絡，提供感官資訊的表達形式——視覺、聲音、動覺和觸覺。
CURIOSITY
Gitanjali is highly curious.
In fact, this is not unique to her. All people are born curious, which is a trait that makes it possible for us to understand the world and figure out, how to make it better for life and work.
Curiosity motivates people’s information-seeking behavior.
Babies are triggered by the senses. Human brains acquire information, connect and make sense of the world through hearing, feeling, tasting, smelling, and seeing.
Observable among toddlers is the tendency to engage in activities that elicits responses. For example, dropping a toy on the floor prompts the adult to pick up the toy and hand it back. Then the toddler repeats the action, observing the adult’s response. Toddlers are curious as to whether the same action prompts the same response. Scientists call this cause and effect.
Curiosity drives exploration and mastery. Curiosity prompts a child to learn to walk and to develop human abilities. Curiosity motivates children to explore, practice, test, and to achieve developmental milestones.
Curiosity is at the core of people’s scientific thinking abilities and sparks discoveries and inspires explorations.
好奇心：
吉坦賈利非常好奇。
事實上，這並不是她所獨有的。所有的人生來都有好奇心，這是一種特質，它使我們有可能去了解這個世界，弄清楚如何讓它在生活和工作中變得更好。好奇心激發人們尋求資訊的行為。嬰兒是由感官刺激的。
人類的大腦透過聽覺、觸覺、味覺、嗅覺和視覺來獲取資訊、連線和感知世界。
在蹣跚學步的幼兒中，可以觀察到他們傾向於從事能引起反應的活動。例如，把玩具掉在地板上會提示大人撿起玩具並把它還給大人。
然後幼兒重複這個動作，觀察成人的反應。蹣跚學步的孩子很好奇，同樣的動作是否會引發同樣的反應。科學家稱之為因果關係。
好奇心推動探索和掌握。好奇心促使孩子學會走路，發展人類的能力。好奇心激發孩子去探索、實踐、測試，並達到發展的里程碑。好奇心是人們科學思維能力的核心，它能激發發現，激發探索。
CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL THINKING
The National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking explains:
Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness.
It entails the examination of those structures or elements of thought implicit in all reasoning: purpose, problem, or question-at-issue; assumptions; concepts; empirical grounding; reasoning leading to conclusions; implications and consequences; objections from alternative viewpoints; and frame of reference. Critical thinking — in being responsive to variable subject matter, issues, and purposes — is incorporated in a family of interwoven modes of thinking, among them: scientific thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking, anthropological thinking, economic thinking, moral thinking, and philosophical thinking.
The definition is differentiated from the mechanical acquisition and retention of information, mere possession of particular skills, and use of skills without understanding the implications of their uses, upon which traditional, also called behavioral and compliant-driven education takes form.
批判性和分析性思維
國家優秀批判性思維委員會解釋道：批判性思維是一種理智的訓練過程，它積極而巧妙地概念化、應用、分析、綜合、評估從觀察、經驗、反思、推理或交流中收集或產生的資訊，作為信念和行動的嚮導。
在其典型的形式中，它基於超越主題劃分的普遍知識價值:清晰度、準確性、精確性、一致性、相關性、可靠的證據、良好的理由、深度、廣度和公平性。
它需要對所有推理中隱含的結構或思想元素進行檢查:目的、問題或爭議問題;假設;的概念;經驗基礎;得出結論的推理;影響和後果;不同觀點的反對意見;和參照系。批判性思維——對各種不同的主題、問題和目的做出反應——包含在一系列相互交織的思維模式中，其中包括:科學思維、數學思維、歷史思維、人類學思維、經濟思維、道德思維和哲學思維。
這一定義與機械地獲取和保留資訊，僅僅擁有特定的技能，以及在不理解其使用含義的情況下使用技能的定義不同，傳統的，也被稱為行為和服從驅動教育的形式。
Analytical thinking
Analytical thinking is the mental process of breaking down complex information or comprehensive data into fundamental parts or basic principles.
Analytical thinking often requires the person to use cause and effect, similarities and differences, trends, associations between things, inter-relationships between the parts, the sequence of events, ways to solve complex problems, steps within a process, diagraming what is happening. Analytical reasoning is the ability to look at information and discern patterns within it.
分析思維
分析思維是將複雜資訊或綜合資料分解成基本部分或基本原則的心理過程。
分析性思維通常要求人們運用因果關係、異同、趨勢、事物之間的聯絡、各部分之間的相互關係、事件的順序、解決複雜問題的方法、過程中的步驟，並將正在發生的事情用圖表表示出來。
分析推理是觀察資訊並識別其中模式的能力。創造力創造力是我們作為人類的獨特定義。
CREATIVITY
Creativity is what uniquely defines us as humans. Creativity is the ability to articulate what we think and how we feel, through different modes of expression-- verbal, literary, musical, visual, and performance modes.
Creativity is also the ability to problem-solve and formulate solutions. Creative abilities of scientists and engineers stimulate innovative ideas and strategies.
Sadly, by the time we reach adulthood, our creativity has been ‘educated out of us’ by the culture and experiences of discipline and compliance in schools.
創造力是透過語言、文學、音樂、視覺和表演等不同的表達方式，清晰表達我們的想法和感受的能力。
創造力也是解決問題和制定解決方案的能力。科學家和工程師的創新能力激發了創新的想法和策略。
可悲的是，當我們長大成人時，我們的創造力已經被學校的文化和紀律和遵守的經驗“教育”的不存在了。
ANALYTICAL THINKING, CURIOSITY, PLUS CREATIVITY fuel people’s inventive mindsets.
PROBLEM-SOLVING involves:
Analytical Thinking — A person who can use logic and critical thinking to analyze a situation.
Critical Thinking – A person who makes reasoned judgments that are logical and well thought out
Initiative — A person who will step up and take action without being asked. A person who looks for opportunities to make a difference.
Creativity — A person who is an original thinker and have the ability to go beyond traditional approaches.
Resourcefulness — A person who will adapt to new/difficult situations and devise ways to overcome obstacles.
Determination — A person who is persistent and do not give up easily.
Results-Oriented — A person whose focus is on getting the problem solved.
The earlier children are taught to learn in this way, the more ready they will be to take on challenges and be open to careers representative of their future world.
分析思維、好奇心和創造力會激發人們的創造性思維。
解決問題分析思維-一個人可以使用邏輯和批判性思維來分析一個情況。
批判性思維——一個人做出理性的判斷，有邏輯和深思熟慮主動-一個會主動採取行動的人。一個尋找機會做出改變的人。
決心-一個有毅力，不輕易放棄的人。
結果導向型——一個專注於解決問題的人。孩子們越早接受這種方式的教育，他們就越有準備接受挑戰，並對代表他們未來世界的職業持開放態度。
PASSION
In watching Gitanjali Rao and Elon Musk, notice how passionate they are about their work, and achievements and more interestingly, about constantly learning new ideas. Passion keeps them wanting to learn and do more.
How does this happen? How is this developed?
This is not in the NGSS, nor is it found in academic curricula.
Yet, without passion, a person has no drive or interest to learn and work when faced with challenging situations.
Let’s ask ourselves whether we are passionate about our work.
How would we be working if we were fueled by our passions?
how can we build passion with our children as educators?
激情
在觀察Gitanjali Rao和Elon Musk時，你會發現他們對自己的工作、成就充滿熱情，尤其是對不斷學習新思想的熱情。
激情讓他們想要學習和做更多的事情。這是怎麼發生的呢?這是如何發展起來的?這不在NGSS中，也不在學術課程中。
然而，沒有激情，一個人就沒有動力或興趣去學習和工作，當面對挑戰時。讓我們問問自己是否對自己的工作充滿激情。
如果我們被激情所激勵，我們將如何工作?作為教育者，我們怎樣才能為孩子們建立起激情呢？
Thank you！