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二手菸是成年人眼睛健康的一大威脅。許多研究表明,吸菸會增加患眼部疾病的風險,這些疾病會影響人們以後的生活,比如白內障和年齡相關性黃斑變性(AMD),這是導致失明的主要原因。但是,二手菸會對兒童的視力造成威脅嗎?一項來自香港的新研究表明二手菸會造成兒童視力下降。研究人員發現,長期處於二手菸環境下的6歲兒童就已經出現了眼部損傷的跡象。

眼睛最容易被香菸煙霧傷害的部位之一叫做脈絡膜。脈絡膜是位於眼睛後部的一個密集的血管網。眼後段不同位置的脈絡膜,其厚度不同。正常人黃斑中心凹脈絡膜厚度為272~448 μm。距中心凹6 mm範圍,上方最厚,中心凹次之,然後是顳側和下方,鼻側最薄。

它主要負責為視網膜提供氧氣和營養,保證成像清晰。研究表明,吸菸者和吸二手菸的人脈絡膜較薄。脈絡膜變薄與威脅視力的年齡相關性黃斑變性的發展有關

參考文獻:

Association of Secondhand Smoking Exposure With Choroidal Thinning in Children Aged 6 to 8 Years

The Hong Kong Children Eye Study

Nan Yuan, MPhil1; Jian Li, PhD1,2; Shumin Tang, PhD1,3; et al

Objective

To assess the association between choroidal thickness and secondhand smoking exposure in children.

目的

探討兒童脈絡膜厚度與二手菸的關係。

Design, Setting, and Participants

Children aged 6 to 8 years were consecutively recruited from January 2016 to July 2017 from the population-based Hong Kong Children Eye Study at the Chinese University of Hong Kong Eye Centre. All participants underwent detailed ophthalmic investigations. Choroidal thickness was measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography, with built-in software that automatically segmented the choroid layer to analyze its terrain imagery. History of secondhand smoking was obtained from a questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the correlation between choroidal thickness and secondhand exposure when controlling for confounding factors. Analysis began July 2018 and ended in April 2019.

設計、背景和參與者

2016年1月至2017年7月,香港大學眼科中心以人群為基礎的兒童眼健康研究連續招募6至8歲的兒童。所有參與者都接受了詳細的眼科檢查。脈絡膜厚度的測量採用掃描源光學相干斷層掃描,內建軟體自動分割脈絡膜層,分析其地形影象。二手菸史是透過問卷調查獲得的。在控制混雜因素的情況下,對脈絡膜厚度與間接暴露在二手菸環境之間的相關性進行了多元線性迴歸分析。分析開始於2018年7月,結束於2019年4月。

Main Outcomes and Measurements

The association between children’s choroidal thickness and their exposure to secondhand smoking.

主要結果及測量方法

兒童脈絡膜厚度與暴露在二手菸環境之間的關係。

Results

Of 1400 children, 941 (67.2%) had no exposure to secondhand smoking, and 459 (32.8%) had exposure to secondhand smoking. The mean (SD) age was 7.65 (1.09) years for children in the nonexposure group and 7.54 (1.11) years for children in the exposure group. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, axial length, and birth weight, exposure to secondhand smoking was associated with a thinner choroid by 8.3 μm in the central subfield, 7.2 μm in the inner inferior, 6.4 μm in the outer inferior, 6.4 μm in the inner temporal, and 7.3 μm in the outer temporal. Choroidal thinning with also associated with increased number of family smokers and increased quantity of secondhand smoking. An increase of 1 family smoker was associated with choroidal thinning by 7.86 μm in the central subfield, 4.51 μm in the outer superior, 6.23 μm in the inner inferior, 5.59 μm in the outer inferior, 6.06 μm in the inner nasal, and 6.55 μm in the outer nasal. An increase of exposure to 1 secondhand cigarette smoke per day was associated with choroidal thinning by 0.54 μm in the central subfield, 0.42 μm in the inner temporal, and 0.47 μm in the outer temporal.

結果

在1400名兒童中,941人(67.2%)沒有接觸過二手菸,459人(32.8%)接觸過二手菸。未暴露組兒童的平均年齡為7.65(1.09)歲,暴露組兒童的平均年齡為7.54(1.11)歲。經年齡、性別、身體質量指數、眼軸長度和出生體重調整後,暴露在二手菸環境會使脈絡膜中央區變薄8.3μm、內下區變薄7.2μm、外下區變薄6.4μm、內顳區變薄6.4μm、外顳區變薄7.3μm。脈絡膜變薄還與家庭吸菸者數量增加和二手菸數量增加有關。每增加1名家庭吸菸者,脈絡膜中心區變薄7.86μm,外上區變薄4.51μm,內下區變薄6.23μm,外下區變薄5.59μm,內鼻區變薄6.06μm,外鼻區變薄6.55μm。每天增加1支二手菸的暴露量,會使脈絡膜中央區變薄0.54μm,內顳區變薄0.42μm,外顳區變薄0.47μm。

Conclusions and Relevance

This investigation showed that exposure to secondhand smoking in children was associated with choroidal thinning along with a dose-dependent effect. These results support evidence regarding the potential hazards of secondhand smoking to children.

結論和意義

本研究顯示,兒童接觸二手菸與脈絡膜變薄及劑量依賴效應有關。這些結果支援了有關二手菸對兒童潛在危害的證據。

香港中文大學眼科中心的研究人員對1400名6至8歲的兒童進行了研究,以確定接觸二手菸的兒童是否也有類似的損傷。他們發現,與沒有接觸過香菸的兒童相比,周圍有煙霧的兒童的脈絡膜要薄得多。這種差異約為6至8μm。

同樣重要的是,資料顯示,兒童的脈絡膜變薄隨著吸菸家庭成員的數量和每天吸菸的數量的增加而增加。雖然這些相對較小的變化對兒童未來眼睛健康的長期影響仍有待確定,但這項研究表明,早期吸菸可能對以後生活中出現的慢性疾病產生影響。

2015年12月28日,中國疾病預防控制中心釋出《2015中國成人煙草調查報告》,報告稱,中國人群吸菸率為27.7%,其中男性吸菸率為52.1%,中國吸菸人數高達3.16億,佔世界吸菸總人數的三分之一

二手菸是一個嚴重的公共健康問題,已經確定這是視力下降的一個危險因素。當然二手菸的危害不僅於此。

再此,量子云圖呼籲廣大群眾積極響應國家衛生計生委《公共場所控制吸菸條例》。勿在公眾場所吸菸,還孩子一片光明未來。

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