透過食用本文，你可以獲取到以下相關知識：

1.決定英短尖點色、陰影色的基因及其遺傳方式。

2.貓咪毛色中金化和銀化的區別和原理。

3.眾說紛紜的頻寬基因Wb的遺傳理論。

以下為翻譯文章原文，和加上筆者個人理解後的翻譯。

本篇文章涉及【英國短毛貓】品種中，尖點色和陰影色的【頻寬基因Wb】所控制的外觀表現。

4. Tortoiseshe

This article looks at the appearance of "ultra wide-band" in Tipped and Shaded Golden British Shorthairs. These are also known as Golden Chinchilla and Golden Shell.

英國短毛貓 British Shorthairs金尖點色=金貝殼色=Tipped Golden=Golden Shell金陰影色=金吉拉色=Shaded Golden=Golden Chinchilla頻寬基因 ultra wide-band注：下文統一用金-尖點色、金-陰影色，望周知。

“銅色”這一說法是Linda Petersson Wahlqvist用來描述有著以下外觀的金尖點色（金貝殼色）貓咪：白腳趾、白肚皮、尾尖長著尖端為深色（黑/藍）的金色毛髮、無深色眼線。

The term "copper" was adopted by Linda Petersson Wahlqvist to describe Golden Shell cats with white toes, white undersides, golden colour with the dark tips (e.g. black or blue) restricted to the tail tip and an absence of dark nose-liner.

這些外觀表現偏離了【尖點色貓咪】的標準，但在俄羅斯和一些德國血統的金色英國短毛貓中卻大量出現。

銅色這一說法並不是官方用法，用來描述這種特別的外觀性狀。

These phenotype deviates from the standard for tipped cats, but is becoming prevalent in Russia and in some German lines of British Golden Shorthairs. "Copper" is not an official term, but it allows breeders to describe the phenotype in a single word.

“諾蘭”的尖點色毛髮只在尖端有顏色

俄羅斯出現的極端金的現象

Emergence of Extreme Golden in Russia

這個部分最早釋出於俄羅斯網站：Shaded Cats（不懂俄語不要點了）

This section is an English language summary of information>一般呢，金化和銀化現象都視作尖點色下的兩種相關顏色。

理想的尖點色毛髮，尖端的顏色不超過整根毛髮的1/8，而且看不到虎斑花紋。

銀化是滿足無虎斑花紋這一條的，但是在金化現象中就不滿足了：

金化披毛的單根毛髮通常會有兩個以上的色段，且該型別貓咪還能看著尾巴上的環紋。

傳統的金化貓咪仍然會表達顏色基因——黑色、藍色等等。

Traditionally, gold and silver were seen as related colours belonging to the category of tipped colours. Ideally the tipping should not exceed 1/8 of the hair, and there should be no trace of tabby markings. This was achieved in silvers, but not in goldens. Typically, golden cats had ticked fur with 2 or more bands of colour, and they had residual markings including rings>

這種在歐洲出現的新型金化貓咪們，並不是ny11(虎斑金化)，它們是ny25(細紋金化)。

成貓特殊的披毛看不出任何虎斑紋路：胸前沒有斑紋，尾巴上也沒有環紋。

The new goldens that appeared in Europe were not ny11 (tabby-based goldens) they were ny25 (ticked-based goldens). The new goldens attracted a lot of interest in Russia. In adulthood the cats had extremely uniform tipping with no hint of a tabby pattern. There were no markings>

這些貓咪非常接近標準裡的理想金色，所以它們在市場上擁有巨大的優勢。

美中不足的就是毛髮的尖端不是基因色（而且鼻子一圈的毛也不是Agouti貓咪所呈現的暗色）

These cats had a huge advantage because they were closer to the “ideal” golden colour in the standard. But they also were deficient against the standard because the hairs were not tipped with the genetic colour (and the nose leather did not have a dark outline which should be present in agouti cats). The new extreme golden and new silver cats increased in popularity with many breeders being drawn into it, not always because they like it better, but because it was competitive and was “the way to go” to succeed at shows.

一些繁育人嘗試著把貓咪深淺間隔的花紋去除，讓毛色儘可能的溫暖和明亮。

為了做到這種效果，他們會跨品種與細紋虎斑貓雜交，以去除一道一道的虎斑花紋。

以細紋為基礎的銀化和金化貓咪仍然是長著細紋虎斑毛髮的：銀色裡摻著淺灰色，金色裡摻著黃色。但這不影響整體的視覺效果。

Some breeders tried to remove the pattern and to make the colour as warm and bright as possible. To accomplish this they outcrossed to genetically ticked tabbies to remove any trace of a tabby pattern. Ticked-based silvers and goldens still had ticked hairs (pale grey in the case of silvers, yellow in the case of goldens), but this was not detrimental to the overall effect.

繁育人，尤其是俄羅斯的繁育人，進一步挑選最淺色的金吉拉貓咪繁育，這些金色貓咪有著白腳趾且眼周也是白色的。

有些貓是淺淡黃色的金色，腳趾幾乎是白色的。一些人擔心這種顏色繼續變淡可能就不再是金化貓咪了，另一些人相信如果沒有顏色減淡就不算淺金色。

爭議就產生了：什麼才是真正的金色——是沒有經減淡的金色，還是金色伴有淺色爪子和淺色腹部。

Breeders, particularly in Russia, continued to select the brightest gold chinchillas to breed with and the brightest, most orange, golden cats had pale toes and pale markings around the eyes. Some cats were a pale yellowish gold with nearly-white toes. Some breeders worried that this bleaching turned golden cats into something else. Others believe that there is no really bright golden colour without some degree of bleaching. This caused debates over which was the true golden colour –gold with not bleaching, or bright gold with bleached toes and bleached underparts.

秋田犬 VS 柴犬

秋田犬的顏色相比於柴犬要淺一些，它的顏色也被稱之為“銅色”。

大家都努力繁育這種淺淺的極端金貓咪，這種顏色通常認為比普通的金化紅色系顏色更具特色，因為金化紅色看著也跟不金化的紅色貓看起來差不多。

許多俄羅斯繁育人覺得沒必要把銅色定義為一個新的顏色，它是繁育完美的金色貓咪過程中產生的一個天然的顏色。

即使是淡金色的小貓也沒啥事兒——雖然它們可能上不了展臺，但它們可以生出紅色系的小貓。

The bleached (or “excessive”) version was termed “Akita” after the Akita Inu (Shiba Inu) dog, and is also known as “copper.” Nobody stopped the breeding of the extreme golden cats with bleaching and the colour was seen as more distinctive than the ordinary golden-red colour, which was too much like an ordinary red-ticked cat. Many of the Russian breeders do not feel the need to separate the Akita/Copper cats into a new colour, but see it as a natural evolution of colour to create the perfect golden cat. Even the pale goldens are not a problem – while they may not be show-quality, they can produce bright red kittens.

歐洲的情況 Investigations in Europe

陰影色和尖點色（含金吉拉色和貝殼色）的作用基因有以下三種共同決定：

顯性色素抑制基因 I（銀化）頻寬基因Wb細紋虎斑

在銀化貓咪中，I是存在的；在金化貓咪中，沒有I。

頻寬基因Wb完全獨立於抑制基因 I ，但它本身是多基因遺傳，只是用簡化為Wb去描述。

不帶I的細紋虎斑，Wb會抑制毛髮的根部色素合成：這樣就在面板和色素正常段毛髮之間，生成了一個淺黃色的區段。

透過選擇性育種，這一段淺黃色區段的寬度被大大增加。我們用Wb、Wb+和Wb++來描述具有正常、中等和極高寬頻寬度的貓咪。

Shaded and tipped (shell/chinchilla) are due to the dominant Inhibitor gene (silver) + presence of Wide Band + the Ticked Tabby pattern. In silver cats the dominant Inhibitor is present. In golden cats, the dominant Inhibitor is absent. Wide Band is independent from the Inhibitor gene and though "Wb" is treated as a single dominant gene for simplicity, it appears to act as polygenes with an additive effect. In ticked tabby cats without silver, Wide Band restricts the pigment to the end of the hair leaving a pale golden band between the skin and the pigment. Through selective breeding, this effect has been maximised. The variability of the wide band suggests we should talk about Wb, Wb+ and Wb++ to describe cats with normal, intermediate and greater degrees of Wide Banding.