普利茲克獎得主建築師阪茂在2019年10月3日為瑞士比爾的斯沃琪-歐米茄園區揭幕，該儀式標誌著歷時8.5年設計、施工加建造的專案的徹底完工。園區佔地46,778㎡，是迄今為止阪茂建築設計完成的體量最大、型別最為豐富的木結構建築專案，也是全球最大的混合類大型木構建築之一。除剪綵慶典外，此次活動還正式迴應了一個全球意識範圍內的里程碑式的問題：“為何使用木材”以及“為什麼是現在”。通過參與救災工作，阪茂親歷了氣候變化和自然災害對人類及地球造成的不利影響。面對氣候變化的嚴峻挑戰，人們必須從生活和建築兩方面著手：減少能耗和降低碳排放量。然而，當下的建設施工並不考慮地球的未來和人類的福祉。為此，建築師阪茂倡導以木構作為具有環保意識的典範建築。木材是最古老的建築材料之一，同時也是未來最具潛力的一種待開發材料。
On October 3, 2019, Pritzker Prize-winning architect Shigeru Ban is inaugurating one of the world’s largest wood building projects, the Swatch and Omega Campus in Biel, Switzerland. The opening of the Swatch and Omega Campus is a momentous occasion, marking the culmination of 8.5 years of design, engineering, and construction. At 46,778 sq m (503,514 sq ft), the project is Shigeru Ban Architects’ largest and most exuberant hybrid mass timber project to date, and one of the largest hybrid mass timber projects in the world. Beyond a celebratory ribbon cutting, this date marks a milestone in our global consciousness, answering the questions, “Why wood?” and “Why now?” Through his disaster relief work, Shigeru Ban has experienced firsthand the direct impact of climate change and natural disasters causing adverse effects on both people and the planet. Climate change is a reality that must be addressed both in how we live and how we build: our individual decisions to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions can change the world. However, building construction in its current state does not responsibly consider the future and well-being of our planet. To this end, Shigeru Ban Architects promotes building in wood as a model for environmental consciousness. Although timber is one of the oldest building materials, it is also one which holds much promise for the future.
▼專案概覽，overview
園區 | The Campus
斯沃琪-歐米茄園區是一個深具紀念意義的木結構建築專案，由以下三座建築組成：斯沃琪總部——斯沃琪躍層辦公空間；歐米茄工廠——歐米茄手錶的生產中心；時光之城——斯沃琪和歐米茄的博物館與展示廳。這些建築物共享同一種設計語言、材質色調以及環境氛圍，體現了斯沃琪-歐米茄品牌的統一形象，同時通過結構形式的差異表達了每座建築物的獨立個性。
The Swatch and Omega Campus is a monumental timber building project, comprised of three buildings: 1) The Swatch Headquarters – Swatch’s multistory office space 2) The Omega Factory – the production center of Omega watches 3) Cité du Temps – the Swatch and Omega museum and conference hall The buildings share a design language, material palette, and environmental ethos, reflecting the unified brands of Swatch and Omega while expressing each building’s individuality through contrasting structural forms.
▼歐米茄生產中心，the production center of Omega watches
建築物 | The Buildings
斯沃琪總部充滿趣味、新鮮感和刺激性，其網殼屋頂結構由7700塊經過專業開發程式計算的獨特木片拼接而成。所有木片均精確到0.1毫米，以確保能在現場完成拼裝。相較之下，歐米茄工廠是一座嚴肅、精準以及堅硬的直線型建築，其無菌空間的建設對於木結構建築來說更是空前絕後。而擁有18個獨立子品牌的時光之城，在外觀和意義上充當了斯沃琪與歐米茄之間的介面：建築物在頂端與斯沃琪總部的頂棚交匯。
▼斯沃琪總部的網殼屋頂結構，the gridshell roof of the Swatch Headquarters
The Swatch Headquarters is playful, innovative, and provocative. Its gridshell roof structure consists of 7,700 unique timber pieces, designed by a specialized computer program to promote efficiency and minimize errors. All wood pieces were fabricated with a precision of 0.1 mm (0.003 in), allowing each piece to fit perfectly on site. In contrast, the Omega Factory is a strict, precise, and rigid rectilinear building. Its clean-room construction is unprecedented for a timber building. Cité du Temps, which is owned by the Swatch Group, unifies 18 unique subsidiary watch brands and acts as an interface between Swatch and Omega both figuratively and physically: the building intersects with the Swatch Headquarters’ canopy.
▼網殼屋頂結構由7700塊獨特的木片拼接而成，the gridshell roof structure consists of 7,700 unique timber pieces
從紙管到木材 | From Paper to Wood
阪茂的全球人道主義工作始於1994年，當時他將紙管作為一種理想的可回收、輕質和廉價的結構材料應用於盧安達的難民住房。次年，他成立了一個自願建築師聯盟的非政府組織，通過該組織他參與了將近25年的包括住房、社群中心、音樂廳和小學等廣泛援助專案的建築設計工作。在每個專案中，他重點關注建築物的材料和最終生命週期。阪茂將木材作為主要的建築材料使用，不僅因其巨大的開發潛能和高效利用率，還憑其作為一種天然的可再生材料具有固碳減排的效用。在過去二十年中，阪茂在木材和大木構的設計及建造領域取得了非凡成就。他早年間對紙管結構的實驗延伸出一系列輕便高效的創新木結構設計，包括今井敦紀念體育館（日本秋田市，2002年）和傢俱屋（1995年至2006年）。而從蓬皮杜梅斯中心（法國梅斯，2010年）始，他的興趣逐步轉向發展尺度更大、技術難度更高的大木構建築。最新完工的斯沃琪-歐米茄園區即是這一階段的總結，充分說明了木材在具有環保意識的建築實踐中的可建設規模及潛力。
▼總部入口大廳，the entrance hall
Shigeru Ban’s global humanitarian work began in 1994, when he applied his understanding of paper tubes as an ideal recyclable, lightweight, and inexpensive structural material to refugee housing in Rwanda. The following year, he established the Voluntary Architects Network, an NGO through which he has provided a wide array of relief projects for nearly 25 years, including housing, community centers, concert halls, and elementary schools. In each project, careful attention is paid to the lifecycle of both materials and resultant buildings. Shigeru has since turned to wood as a primary building material not only for its creative potential and material efficiency, but also for its qualities as a natural, renewable material which has the capacity to sequester carbon and help heal the planet. Over the past two decades, Shigeru has advanced the field of wood and mass timber design and construction. His early experiments with paper tube structures led to a series of innovative lightweight and efficient wood structure designs, including the Atsushi Imai Memorial Gymnasium (Akita, Japan, 2002) and Furniture Houses (1995-2006). These projects led to the development of much larger scale advanced wood and mass timber structures, beginning with the Centre Pompidou-Metz (Metz, France, 2010). The recently completed Swatch and Omega Campus marks another milestone, demonstrating the scale and capacity of timber in environmentally-conscious building practices.
▼內部空間，interior space
木結構的優勢 | The Benefits of Building in Wood
斯沃琪-歐米茄園區的木構建築向社會福斯展示了木結構的眾多益處，諸如：木材是為數不多的完全可再生的建築材料之一，也許是構成大型建築物主結構的唯一可行的可再生材料；妥善地管理森林資源和採用先進的加工技術能為社會帶來經濟價值，有利於城鄉經濟鏈的和諧發展； 木結構建築有助於減少建築物的碳排放量，而在高排碳的建築中一半以上是混凝土結構，1/3為鋼結構。如果採用可持續的固碳方式，即能實現建築物零排碳甚至負碳；木結構的整合設計和運輸過程可促進建築師、工程師和施工團隊之間的協同合作，從而縮短施工時間和成本，並保證施工現場的安靜及整潔；除木結構自身的建築優勢外，研究表明身處在木構環境中的人顯得更健康、更快樂、更富創造力。這三座建築總共由100％經認證的4,600m³瑞士木材建造而成，而基於瑞士森林的生長速度，這批木材僅需10個小時即可在國內重新生產！
▼身處在木構環境中的人顯得更健康、更快樂、更富創造力，occupants are happier, healthier, and more productive in wood environments
The Swatch and Omega buildings demonstrate the numerous benefits of timber construction, for both humans and the planet: • Wood is one of the few completely renewable building materials, and perhaps the only viable renewable material available to comprise a large-scale building’s primary structure. • Well-managed forests and the production of new advanced timber construction materials create value in our natural resources and establish important relationships between urban and rural economies. • Timber construction can help significantly reduce a building’s carbon footprint, with half of the emissions of concrete and one third the emissions of steel. When sustainably sourced, it has the capacity to sequester carbon, and bring us one step closer to the goal of making buildings carbon neutral, or even carbon negative. • Timber’s integrated design and delivery process facilitates coordination among architects, engineers, and construction teams, leading to reduced construction durations and costs, as well as clean and quiet construction sites. • In addition to the architectural merit of timber buildings, studies have shown that occupants are happier, healthier, and more productive in wood environments. Collectively, the three buildings were constructed from 4,600 m³ (160,000 ft³) of 100% Certified Swiss timber. Considering the growth rate of Swiss forests, it would only take 10 hours to regrow this quantity of wood domestically!
▼三座建築總共由4,600m³瑞士木材建造而成，the three buildings were constructed from 4,600 m³ of 100% Certified Swiss timber
為了人類和地球的福祉 | Well-being – for People and the Planet
除木材的生態效益之外，斯沃琪-歐米茄園區內還制定了許多其他的環保策略。為實現低能耗和更優質的工作環境，建築採用了最先進的技術以實現無空調通風，如集散熱輻射的自動式天花板，預埋到混凝土板中的水管、地暖等。三座建築物的屋頂均裝有光伏電板。該專案引進的每項技術策略旨在減少建築物對環境的影響，同時作為所有未來建設的標準。除上述技術特徵外，三座建築物的設計均考慮到員工的日常體驗，在增進辦公空間舒適度的同時提高了工作效率。眾所周知，木質環境有助於促進使用者的幸福感，歐米茄工廠則在一種潔淨無菌的房間內試圖融入木質的溫暖。休息室配有全幅落地玻璃百葉窗，形成鮮明的開放空間。 斯沃琪總部寬闊開敞，整個建築不僅造型立體、視線通透，還在增進溝通的同時促成開放與團結。得益於精湛的聲學設計，工作區即使設定在同一個辦公空間內也能保持適度的安靜。
▼開放辦公空間，open workspace
In addition to the ecological benefits of wood, the Swatch and Omega Campus has numerous other environmentally-conscious strategies. To achieve low energy consumption and a better working environment, state-of-the-art technologies such as radiative cooling and heating with activated ceiling panels are employed, as well as water pipes cast into concrete slabs, which allows for draft-free air conditioning. Ground water is used as a heat source in order to achieve a significant reduction of both heating and cooling power. The roofs of all three buildings are equipped with photovoltaic panels. Each technological strategy introduced into the project is intended to reduce the building’s impact on the planet, and serve as a benchmark for all buildings in the future. Beyond the aforementioned technical features, the three buildings are designed for employee comfort, promoting both well-being and productivity. Wood environments are known to contribute to greater occupant happiness. Whereas most clean rooms have a sterile aesthetic, the Omega Factory incorporates the warmth of timber. Its break rooms are equipped with full-height glass shutters, creating an indooroutdoor space. The Swatch Headquarters is vast and open, with three-dimensional physical and visual continuity throughout the building, promoting a feeling of openness and solidarity while improving communication. Thanks to its carefully tuned acoustic design, workspaces maintain comfortable noise levels even with a full office.
▼展示廳，showroom
面向未來的建造 | Building for the Future
阪茂從事木材的設計及建造已逾25年，並一直倡導採用可持續的建造方式。事務所目前的工作包括文化、藝術、商業和住宅設計等專案，每個專案都鼓勵著人們重新思考建築。斯沃琪-歐米茄園區的設計及施工同時關照到了使用者及地球的需要，其獨特的建築形態體現並傳達了斯沃琪-歐米茄以及阪茂建築設計的共同價值觀。
Shigeru Ban Architects has been designing and building in wood for over 25 years, and continues to advocate for a sustainable approach to building. The firm’s current work includes timber cultural, arts, commercial, and residential projects, each with the capacity to change the way we think about building. The design and construction of the Swatch and Omega Campus carefully considers the needs of both the building inhabitants and the planet, resulting in a unique set of buildings that reflects the values of Swatch and Omega, as well as Shigeru Ban Architects.
▼木構細部，construction details